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The Aerodynamics and Energy Cost Assessment of an Able-Bodied Cyclist and Amputated Models by Computer Fluid Dynamics
Background and Objectives: The aim of this study was to assess and compare the drag and energy cost of three cyclists assessed by computational fluid dynamics (CFD) and analytical procedures. Materials and methods: A transradial (Tr) and transtibial (Tt) were compared to a full-body cyclist at diffe...
Autores principales: | , , , , |
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Formato: | Online Artículo Texto |
Lenguaje: | English |
Publicado: |
MDPI
2020
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Materias: | |
Acceso en línea: | https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7279250/ https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/32443646 http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/medicina56050241 |
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author | Forte, Pedro Marinho, Daniel A. Silveira, Ricardo Barbosa, Tiago M. Morais, Jorge E. |
author_facet | Forte, Pedro Marinho, Daniel A. Silveira, Ricardo Barbosa, Tiago M. Morais, Jorge E. |
author_sort | Forte, Pedro |
collection | PubMed |
description | Background and Objectives: The aim of this study was to assess and compare the drag and energy cost of three cyclists assessed by computational fluid dynamics (CFD) and analytical procedures. Materials and methods: A transradial (Tr) and transtibial (Tt) were compared to a full-body cyclist at different speeds. An elite male cyclist with 65 kg of mass and 1.72 m of height volunteered for this research with his competition cloths, helmet and bicycle with 5 kg of mass. A 3D model of the bicycle and cyclist in the upright position was obtained for numerical simulations. Upon that, two more models were created, simulating elbow and knee-disarticulated athletes. Numerical simulations by computational fluid dynamics and analytical procedures were computed to assess drag and energy cost, respectively. Results: One-Way ANOVA presented no significant differences between cyclists for drag (F = 0.041; p = 0.960; η(2) = 0.002) and energy cost (F = 0.42; p = 0.908; η(2) = 0.002). Linear regression presented a very high adjustment for absolute drag values between able-bodied and Tr (R(2) = 1.000; Ra(2) = 1.000; SEE = 0.200) and Tt (R(2) = 1.00; Ra(2) = 1.000; SEE = 0.160). The linear regression for energy cost presented a very high adjustment for absolute values between able-bodied and Tr (R(2) = 1.000; Ra(2) = 1.000; SEE = 0.570) and Tt (R(2) = 1.00; Ra(2) = 1.00; SEE = 0.778). Conclusions: This study suggests that drag and energy cost was lower in the able-bodied, followed by the Tr and Tt cyclists. |
format | Online Article Text |
id | pubmed-7279250 |
institution | National Center for Biotechnology Information |
language | English |
publishDate | 2020 |
publisher | MDPI |
record_format | MEDLINE/PubMed |
spelling | pubmed-72792502020-06-15 The Aerodynamics and Energy Cost Assessment of an Able-Bodied Cyclist and Amputated Models by Computer Fluid Dynamics Forte, Pedro Marinho, Daniel A. Silveira, Ricardo Barbosa, Tiago M. Morais, Jorge E. Medicina (Kaunas) Article Background and Objectives: The aim of this study was to assess and compare the drag and energy cost of three cyclists assessed by computational fluid dynamics (CFD) and analytical procedures. Materials and methods: A transradial (Tr) and transtibial (Tt) were compared to a full-body cyclist at different speeds. An elite male cyclist with 65 kg of mass and 1.72 m of height volunteered for this research with his competition cloths, helmet and bicycle with 5 kg of mass. A 3D model of the bicycle and cyclist in the upright position was obtained for numerical simulations. Upon that, two more models were created, simulating elbow and knee-disarticulated athletes. Numerical simulations by computational fluid dynamics and analytical procedures were computed to assess drag and energy cost, respectively. Results: One-Way ANOVA presented no significant differences between cyclists for drag (F = 0.041; p = 0.960; η(2) = 0.002) and energy cost (F = 0.42; p = 0.908; η(2) = 0.002). Linear regression presented a very high adjustment for absolute drag values between able-bodied and Tr (R(2) = 1.000; Ra(2) = 1.000; SEE = 0.200) and Tt (R(2) = 1.00; Ra(2) = 1.000; SEE = 0.160). The linear regression for energy cost presented a very high adjustment for absolute values between able-bodied and Tr (R(2) = 1.000; Ra(2) = 1.000; SEE = 0.570) and Tt (R(2) = 1.00; Ra(2) = 1.00; SEE = 0.778). Conclusions: This study suggests that drag and energy cost was lower in the able-bodied, followed by the Tr and Tt cyclists. MDPI 2020-05-18 /pmc/articles/PMC7279250/ /pubmed/32443646 http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/medicina56050241 Text en © 2020 by the authors. Licensee MDPI, Basel, Switzerland. This article is an open access article distributed under the terms and conditions of the Creative Commons Attribution (CC BY) license (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/). |
spellingShingle | Article Forte, Pedro Marinho, Daniel A. Silveira, Ricardo Barbosa, Tiago M. Morais, Jorge E. The Aerodynamics and Energy Cost Assessment of an Able-Bodied Cyclist and Amputated Models by Computer Fluid Dynamics |
title | The Aerodynamics and Energy Cost Assessment of an Able-Bodied Cyclist and Amputated Models by Computer Fluid Dynamics |
title_full | The Aerodynamics and Energy Cost Assessment of an Able-Bodied Cyclist and Amputated Models by Computer Fluid Dynamics |
title_fullStr | The Aerodynamics and Energy Cost Assessment of an Able-Bodied Cyclist and Amputated Models by Computer Fluid Dynamics |
title_full_unstemmed | The Aerodynamics and Energy Cost Assessment of an Able-Bodied Cyclist and Amputated Models by Computer Fluid Dynamics |
title_short | The Aerodynamics and Energy Cost Assessment of an Able-Bodied Cyclist and Amputated Models by Computer Fluid Dynamics |
title_sort | aerodynamics and energy cost assessment of an able-bodied cyclist and amputated models by computer fluid dynamics |
topic | Article |
url | https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7279250/ https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/32443646 http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/medicina56050241 |
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