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Innate immune recognition and modulation in hepatitis D virus infection

Hepatitis D virus (HDV) is a global health threat with more than 15 million humans affected. Current treatment options are largely unsatisfactory leaving chronically infected humans at high risk to develop liver cirrhosis and hepatocellular carcinoma. HDV is the only human satellite virus known. It...

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Autores principales: Jung, Stephanie, Altstetter, Sebastian Maximilian, Protzer, Ulrike
Formato: Online Artículo Texto
Lenguaje:English
Publicado: Baishideng Publishing Group Inc 2020
Materias:
Acceso en línea:https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7284172/
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/32550754
http://dx.doi.org/10.3748/wjg.v26.i21.2781
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author Jung, Stephanie
Altstetter, Sebastian Maximilian
Protzer, Ulrike
author_facet Jung, Stephanie
Altstetter, Sebastian Maximilian
Protzer, Ulrike
author_sort Jung, Stephanie
collection PubMed
description Hepatitis D virus (HDV) is a global health threat with more than 15 million humans affected. Current treatment options are largely unsatisfactory leaving chronically infected humans at high risk to develop liver cirrhosis and hepatocellular carcinoma. HDV is the only human satellite virus known. It encodes only two proteins, and requires Hepatitis B virus (HBV) envelope protein expression for productive virion release and spread of the infection. How HDV could evolve and why HBV was selected as a helper virus remains unknown. Since the discovery of Na(+)-taurocholate co-transporting polypeptide as the essential uptake receptor for HBV and HDV, we are beginning to understand the interactions of HDV and the immune system. While HBV is mostly regarded a stealth virus, that escapes innate immune recognition, HBV-HDV coinfection is characterized by a strong innate immune response. Cytoplasmic RNA sensor melanoma differentiation antigen 5 has been reported to recognize HDV RNA replication and activate innate immunity. Innate immunity, however, seems not to impair HDV replication while it inhibits HBV. In this review, we describe what is known up-to-date about the interplay between HBV as a helper and HDV’s immune evasion strategy and identify where additional research is required.
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spelling pubmed-72841722020-06-17 Innate immune recognition and modulation in hepatitis D virus infection Jung, Stephanie Altstetter, Sebastian Maximilian Protzer, Ulrike World J Gastroenterol Minireviews Hepatitis D virus (HDV) is a global health threat with more than 15 million humans affected. Current treatment options are largely unsatisfactory leaving chronically infected humans at high risk to develop liver cirrhosis and hepatocellular carcinoma. HDV is the only human satellite virus known. It encodes only two proteins, and requires Hepatitis B virus (HBV) envelope protein expression for productive virion release and spread of the infection. How HDV could evolve and why HBV was selected as a helper virus remains unknown. Since the discovery of Na(+)-taurocholate co-transporting polypeptide as the essential uptake receptor for HBV and HDV, we are beginning to understand the interactions of HDV and the immune system. While HBV is mostly regarded a stealth virus, that escapes innate immune recognition, HBV-HDV coinfection is characterized by a strong innate immune response. Cytoplasmic RNA sensor melanoma differentiation antigen 5 has been reported to recognize HDV RNA replication and activate innate immunity. Innate immunity, however, seems not to impair HDV replication while it inhibits HBV. In this review, we describe what is known up-to-date about the interplay between HBV as a helper and HDV’s immune evasion strategy and identify where additional research is required. Baishideng Publishing Group Inc 2020-06-07 2020-06-07 /pmc/articles/PMC7284172/ /pubmed/32550754 http://dx.doi.org/10.3748/wjg.v26.i21.2781 Text en ©The Author(s) 2020. Published by Baishideng Publishing Group Inc. All rights reserved. http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0/ This article is an open-access article which was selected by an in-house editor and fully peer-reviewed by external reviewers. It is distributed in accordance with the Creative Commons Attribution Non Commercial (CC BY-NC 4.0) license, which permits others to distribute, remix, adapt, build upon this work non-commercially, and license their derivative works on different terms, provided the original work is properly cited and the use is non-commercial.
spellingShingle Minireviews
Jung, Stephanie
Altstetter, Sebastian Maximilian
Protzer, Ulrike
Innate immune recognition and modulation in hepatitis D virus infection
title Innate immune recognition and modulation in hepatitis D virus infection
title_full Innate immune recognition and modulation in hepatitis D virus infection
title_fullStr Innate immune recognition and modulation in hepatitis D virus infection
title_full_unstemmed Innate immune recognition and modulation in hepatitis D virus infection
title_short Innate immune recognition and modulation in hepatitis D virus infection
title_sort innate immune recognition and modulation in hepatitis d virus infection
topic Minireviews
url https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7284172/
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/32550754
http://dx.doi.org/10.3748/wjg.v26.i21.2781
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