Efficient Toluene Adsorption on Metal Salt-Activated Porous Carbons Derived from Low-Cost Biomass: A Discussion of Mechanism

[Image: see text] Porous carbons (PCS) derived from sodium lignin sulfonate were activated by four common metal salts. The samples exhibit distinct characteristics of irregular, sunflower-like, interconnected sheet, and tine block morphologies under the impact of NaCl, CaCl(2), ZnCl(2), and FeCl(3), respectively (PCS-MCl(x)). Surprisingly, the maximum and minimum specific surface areas are 1524 and 44 m(2)/g corresponding to PCS-ZnCl(2) and PCS-NaCl. All of the samples have plentiful functional groups; herein, PCS-NaCl and PCS-FeCl(3) are detected with the highest O and S contents (11.85, 1.08%), respectively, which signifies sufficient active sites for adsorption. These porous materials were applied in toluene adsorption from paraffin liquid and matched the Langmuir isotherm models well. Thus, the activation mechanism was discussed in detail. PCS-MCl(x) has a completely different pyrolysis behavior according to thermogravimetry/derivative thermogravimetry (TG/DTG) analysis. It is speculated that H[ZnCl(2)(OH)] would have an etching effect on the carbon structure of PCS-ZnCl(2), and HCl or H(2)SO(4), resulting from FeCl(3) hydrolysis and a reduction reaction, would be corrosive to the sodium lignin sulfonate (SLS) surface. Each metal salt plays a different role in activation. The devised method for the synthesis of porous carbons is green and economical, which is suited to mass production.