The potential of FBC fly ashes to reduce CO(2) emissions

The production of electricity and heat in Poland is the reason why the commercial power industry is the largest emitter of CO(2). At the same time, significant amounts of solid by-products of combustion, which can be used to bind CO(2) by mineral carbonation, are generated during the production processes. The article presents the results of research on mineral sequestration of CO(2) (suspension-CO(2)) using fluidized bed combustion (FBC) fly ashes from hard coal combustion. The analyzed fluidized bed combustion (FBC) fly ashes were characterized by a significant free CaO content (1.7–6.8%) and a high CO(2) binding potential ranging from 9.7 to 15.7%. In the case of fluidized bed combustion (FBC) fly ashes suspensions, the basic product of the carbonation process is calcium carbonate, which is clearly indicated by the results of the phase composition determination of solidified suspensions of fluidized bed combustion (FBC) fly ashes. The degree of carbonation, i.e. the degree of CO(2) binding, calculated on the basis of the calcium carbonate content, in the analyzed suspensions was up to 1.1%. Mineral carbonation also reduces the leachability of pollutants such as: Zn, Cu, Pb, Ni, As, Hg, Cd, Cr, Cl, and SO(4)(2-). The pH is also reduced from about 12 to about 9. Aqueous suspensions of fluidized bed combustion (FBC) fly ashes with introduced CO(2) can potentially be used in underground mining. These activities are in line with the concepts of Carbon Capture and Utilization and the idea of circular economy.