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Paralytic Shellfish Toxins (PST)-Transforming Enzymes: A Review
Paralytic shellfish toxins (PSTs) are a group of toxins that cause paralytic shellfish poisoning through blockage of voltage-gated sodium channels. PSTs are produced by prokaryotic freshwater cyanobacteria and eukaryotic marine dinoflagellates. Proliferation of toxic algae species can lead to harmfu...
Autores principales: | , , , |
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Formato: | Online Artículo Texto |
Lenguaje: | English |
Publicado: |
MDPI
2020
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Materias: | |
Acceso en línea: | https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7290730/ https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/32456077 http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/toxins12050344 |
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author | Raposo, Mariana I. C. Gomes, Maria Teresa S. R. Botelho, Maria João Rudnitskaya, Alisa |
author_facet | Raposo, Mariana I. C. Gomes, Maria Teresa S. R. Botelho, Maria João Rudnitskaya, Alisa |
author_sort | Raposo, Mariana I. C. |
collection | PubMed |
description | Paralytic shellfish toxins (PSTs) are a group of toxins that cause paralytic shellfish poisoning through blockage of voltage-gated sodium channels. PSTs are produced by prokaryotic freshwater cyanobacteria and eukaryotic marine dinoflagellates. Proliferation of toxic algae species can lead to harmful algal blooms, during which seafood accumulate high levels of PSTs, posing a health threat to consumers. The existence of PST-transforming enzymes was first remarked due to the divergence of PST profiles and concentrations between contaminated bivalves and toxigenic organisms. Later, several enzymes involved in PST transformation, synthesis and elimination have been identified. The knowledge of PST-transforming enzymes is necessary for understanding the processes of toxin accumulation and depuration in mollusk bivalves. Furthermore, PST-transforming enzymes facilitate the obtainment of pure analogues of toxins as in natural sources they are present in a mixture. Pure compounds are of interest for the development of drug candidates and as analytical reference materials. PST-transforming enzymes can also be employed for the development of analytical tools for toxin detection. This review summarizes the PST-transforming enzymes identified so far in living organisms from bacteria to humans, with special emphasis on bivalves, cyanobacteria and dinoflagellates, and discusses enzymes’ biological functions and potential practical applications. |
format | Online Article Text |
id | pubmed-7290730 |
institution | National Center for Biotechnology Information |
language | English |
publishDate | 2020 |
publisher | MDPI |
record_format | MEDLINE/PubMed |
spelling | pubmed-72907302020-06-17 Paralytic Shellfish Toxins (PST)-Transforming Enzymes: A Review Raposo, Mariana I. C. Gomes, Maria Teresa S. R. Botelho, Maria João Rudnitskaya, Alisa Toxins (Basel) Review Paralytic shellfish toxins (PSTs) are a group of toxins that cause paralytic shellfish poisoning through blockage of voltage-gated sodium channels. PSTs are produced by prokaryotic freshwater cyanobacteria and eukaryotic marine dinoflagellates. Proliferation of toxic algae species can lead to harmful algal blooms, during which seafood accumulate high levels of PSTs, posing a health threat to consumers. The existence of PST-transforming enzymes was first remarked due to the divergence of PST profiles and concentrations between contaminated bivalves and toxigenic organisms. Later, several enzymes involved in PST transformation, synthesis and elimination have been identified. The knowledge of PST-transforming enzymes is necessary for understanding the processes of toxin accumulation and depuration in mollusk bivalves. Furthermore, PST-transforming enzymes facilitate the obtainment of pure analogues of toxins as in natural sources they are present in a mixture. Pure compounds are of interest for the development of drug candidates and as analytical reference materials. PST-transforming enzymes can also be employed for the development of analytical tools for toxin detection. This review summarizes the PST-transforming enzymes identified so far in living organisms from bacteria to humans, with special emphasis on bivalves, cyanobacteria and dinoflagellates, and discusses enzymes’ biological functions and potential practical applications. MDPI 2020-05-22 /pmc/articles/PMC7290730/ /pubmed/32456077 http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/toxins12050344 Text en © 2020 by the authors. Licensee MDPI, Basel, Switzerland. This article is an open access article distributed under the terms and conditions of the Creative Commons Attribution (CC BY) license (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/). |
spellingShingle | Review Raposo, Mariana I. C. Gomes, Maria Teresa S. R. Botelho, Maria João Rudnitskaya, Alisa Paralytic Shellfish Toxins (PST)-Transforming Enzymes: A Review |
title | Paralytic Shellfish Toxins (PST)-Transforming Enzymes: A Review |
title_full | Paralytic Shellfish Toxins (PST)-Transforming Enzymes: A Review |
title_fullStr | Paralytic Shellfish Toxins (PST)-Transforming Enzymes: A Review |
title_full_unstemmed | Paralytic Shellfish Toxins (PST)-Transforming Enzymes: A Review |
title_short | Paralytic Shellfish Toxins (PST)-Transforming Enzymes: A Review |
title_sort | paralytic shellfish toxins (pst)-transforming enzymes: a review |
topic | Review |
url | https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7290730/ https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/32456077 http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/toxins12050344 |
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