Seronegative ocular toxoplasma panuveitis in an immunocompetent patient

PURPOSE: Toxoplasma gondii is the most common cause of infectious posterior uveitis worldwide in immunocompetent patients. Despite its prevalence, diagnosis can still be challenging and vision-threatening in cases with atypical presentations. This case exemplifies the importance of clinical exam and additional workup when required despite negative initial serology results. OBSERVATIONS: A 73-year-old immunocompetent woman presented with a 2-year history of recurrent panuveitis and retinal necrosis not responsive to systemic antiviral therapy. Toxoplasma serum antibodies (IgG and IgM) were not detected on systemic workup one year prior. The slit-lamp exam revealed mutton fat keratic precipitates, panuveitis, and necrotic retinal lesions adjacent to a retinal scar. Repeated Toxoplasma serum antibodies (IgG and IgM) were again negative. However, aqueous fluid testing by polymerase chain reaction (PCR) was highly positive for Toxoplasma gondii. The patient improved after starting systemic anti-toxoplasma therapy. CONCLUSION/IMPORTANCE: To our knowledge, this is the first report in the literature of an immunocompetent patient with ocular toxoplasmosis and undetectable serum IgG and IgM. Aqueous fluid PCR testing is useful in suspected ocular toxoplasmosis in patients with vision-threatening lesions despite negative serology.