In Situ-Formed and Low-Temperature-Deposited Nb:TiO(2) Compact-Mesoporous Layer for Hysteresis-Less Perovskite Solar Cells with High Performance

Recently, reported perovskite solar cells (PSCs) with high power conversion efficiency (PCE) are mostly based on mesoporous structures containing mesoporous titanium oxide (TiO(2)) which is the main factor to reduce the overall hysteresis. However, existing fabrication approaches for mesoporous TiO(2) generally require a high-temperature annealing process. Moreover, there is still a long way to go for improvement in terms of increasing the electron conductivity and reducing the carrier recombination. Herein, a facile one-step, in situ, and low-temperature method was developed to prepare an Nb:TiO(2) compact-mesoporous layer which served as both scaffold and electron transport layer (ETL) for PSCs. The Nb:TiO(2) compact-mesoporous ETL-based PSCs exhibit suppressed hysteresis, which is attributed to the synergistic effect of the increased interface surface area caused by nano-pin morphology and the improved carrier transportation caused by Nb doping. Such a high-quality compact-mesoporous layer allows the PSCs assembled using optimized 2% Nb-doped TiO(2) to achieve a remarkable PCE of 19.74%. This work promises an effective approach for creating hysteresis-less and high-efficiency PSCs based on compact-mesoporous structures with lower energy consumption and cost.