A simplified approach to detect a significant carbon dioxide reduction by phytoplankton in lakes and rivers on a regional and global scale

Carbon dioxide (CO(2)) uptake by phytoplankton can significantly reduce the partial pressure of CO(2) (pCO(2)) in lakes and rivers, and thereby CO(2) emissions. Presently, it is not known in which inland waters on Earth a significant pCO(2) reduction by phytoplankton is likely. Since detailed, comparable carbon budgets are currently not available for most inland waters, we modified a proxy to assess the pCO(2) reduction by phytoplankton, originally developed for boreal lakes, for application on a global scale. Using data from 61 rivers and 125 lakes distributed over five continents, we show that a significant pCO(2) reduction by phytoplankton is widespread across the temperate and sub-/tropical region, but absent in the cold regions on Earth. More specifically, we found that a significant pCO(2) reduction by phytoplankton might occur in 24% of the lakes in the temperate region, and 39% of the lakes in the sub-/tropical region. We also showed that such a reduction might occur in 21% of the rivers in the temperate region, and 5% of the rivers in the sub-/tropical region. Our results indicate that CO(2) uptake by phytoplankton is a relevant flux in regional and global carbon budgets. This highlights the need for more accurate approaches to quantify CO(2) uptake by primary producers in inland waters, particularly in the temperate and sub-/tropical region. ELECTRONIC SUPPLEMENTARY MATERIAL: The online version of this article (10.1007/s00114-020-01685-y) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.