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The Unfolded Protein Response: Neutron-Induced Therapy Autophagy as a Promising Treatment Option for Osteosarcoma
Radiotherapy using high linear energy transfer (LET) radiation results in effectively killing tumor cells while minimizing dose (biological effective) to normal tissues to block toxicity. It is well known that high LET radiation leads to lower cell survival per absorbed dose than low LET radiation....
Autores principales: | , , , , , , |
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Formato: | Online Artículo Texto |
Lenguaje: | English |
Publicado: |
MDPI
2020
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Materias: | |
Acceso en línea: | https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7312646/ https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/32466612 http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijms21113766 |
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author | Oh, Ju Yeon Lee, Yeon-Joo Sai, Sei Ohno, Tatsuya Kong, Chang-Bae Lim, Sun Ha Kim, Eun Ho |
author_facet | Oh, Ju Yeon Lee, Yeon-Joo Sai, Sei Ohno, Tatsuya Kong, Chang-Bae Lim, Sun Ha Kim, Eun Ho |
author_sort | Oh, Ju Yeon |
collection | PubMed |
description | Radiotherapy using high linear energy transfer (LET) radiation results in effectively killing tumor cells while minimizing dose (biological effective) to normal tissues to block toxicity. It is well known that high LET radiation leads to lower cell survival per absorbed dose than low LET radiation. High-linear energy transfer (LET) neutron treatment induces autophagy in tumor cells, but its precise mechanisms in osteosarcoma are unknown. Here, we investigated this mechanism and the underlying signaling pathways. Autophagy induction was examined in gamma-ray-treated KHOS/NP and MG63 osteosarcoma cells along with exposure to high-LET neutrons. The relationship between radiosensitivity and autophagy was assessed by plotting the cell surviving fractions against autophagy levels. Neutron treatment increased autophagy rates in irradiated KHOS/NP and MG63 cells; neutrons with high-LETs showed more effective inhibition than those with lower LET gamma-rays. To determine whether the unfolded protein response and Akt-mTOR pathways triggered autophagy, phosphorylated eIF2α and JNK levels, and phospho-Akt, phosphor-mTOR, and phospho-p70S6 levels were, respectively, investigated. High-LET neutron exposure inhibited Akt phosphorylation and increased Beclin 1 expression during the unfolded protein response, thereby enhancing autophagy. The therapeutic efficacy of high-LET neutron radiation was also assessed in vivo using an orthotopic mouse model. Neutron-irradiated mice showed reduced tumor growth without toxicity relative to gamma-ray-treated mice. The effect of high-LET neutron exposure on the expression of signaling proteins LC3, p-elF2a, and p-JNK was investigated by immunohistochemistry. Tumors in high-LET-neutron radiation-treated mice showed higher apoptosis rates, and neutron exposure significantly elevated LC3 expression, and increased p-elF2a and p-JNK expression levels. Overall, these results demonstrate that autophagy is important in radiosensitivity, cell survival, and cellular resistance against high-LET neutron radiation. This correlation between cellular radiosensitivity and autophagy may be used to predict radiosensitivity in osteosarcoma. |
format | Online Article Text |
id | pubmed-7312646 |
institution | National Center for Biotechnology Information |
language | English |
publishDate | 2020 |
publisher | MDPI |
record_format | MEDLINE/PubMed |
spelling | pubmed-73126462020-06-26 The Unfolded Protein Response: Neutron-Induced Therapy Autophagy as a Promising Treatment Option for Osteosarcoma Oh, Ju Yeon Lee, Yeon-Joo Sai, Sei Ohno, Tatsuya Kong, Chang-Bae Lim, Sun Ha Kim, Eun Ho Int J Mol Sci Article Radiotherapy using high linear energy transfer (LET) radiation results in effectively killing tumor cells while minimizing dose (biological effective) to normal tissues to block toxicity. It is well known that high LET radiation leads to lower cell survival per absorbed dose than low LET radiation. High-linear energy transfer (LET) neutron treatment induces autophagy in tumor cells, but its precise mechanisms in osteosarcoma are unknown. Here, we investigated this mechanism and the underlying signaling pathways. Autophagy induction was examined in gamma-ray-treated KHOS/NP and MG63 osteosarcoma cells along with exposure to high-LET neutrons. The relationship between radiosensitivity and autophagy was assessed by plotting the cell surviving fractions against autophagy levels. Neutron treatment increased autophagy rates in irradiated KHOS/NP and MG63 cells; neutrons with high-LETs showed more effective inhibition than those with lower LET gamma-rays. To determine whether the unfolded protein response and Akt-mTOR pathways triggered autophagy, phosphorylated eIF2α and JNK levels, and phospho-Akt, phosphor-mTOR, and phospho-p70S6 levels were, respectively, investigated. High-LET neutron exposure inhibited Akt phosphorylation and increased Beclin 1 expression during the unfolded protein response, thereby enhancing autophagy. The therapeutic efficacy of high-LET neutron radiation was also assessed in vivo using an orthotopic mouse model. Neutron-irradiated mice showed reduced tumor growth without toxicity relative to gamma-ray-treated mice. The effect of high-LET neutron exposure on the expression of signaling proteins LC3, p-elF2a, and p-JNK was investigated by immunohistochemistry. Tumors in high-LET-neutron radiation-treated mice showed higher apoptosis rates, and neutron exposure significantly elevated LC3 expression, and increased p-elF2a and p-JNK expression levels. Overall, these results demonstrate that autophagy is important in radiosensitivity, cell survival, and cellular resistance against high-LET neutron radiation. This correlation between cellular radiosensitivity and autophagy may be used to predict radiosensitivity in osteosarcoma. MDPI 2020-05-26 /pmc/articles/PMC7312646/ /pubmed/32466612 http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijms21113766 Text en © 2020 by the authors. Licensee MDPI, Basel, Switzerland. This article is an open access article distributed under the terms and conditions of the Creative Commons Attribution (CC BY) license (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/). |
spellingShingle | Article Oh, Ju Yeon Lee, Yeon-Joo Sai, Sei Ohno, Tatsuya Kong, Chang-Bae Lim, Sun Ha Kim, Eun Ho The Unfolded Protein Response: Neutron-Induced Therapy Autophagy as a Promising Treatment Option for Osteosarcoma |
title | The Unfolded Protein Response: Neutron-Induced Therapy Autophagy as a Promising Treatment Option for Osteosarcoma |
title_full | The Unfolded Protein Response: Neutron-Induced Therapy Autophagy as a Promising Treatment Option for Osteosarcoma |
title_fullStr | The Unfolded Protein Response: Neutron-Induced Therapy Autophagy as a Promising Treatment Option for Osteosarcoma |
title_full_unstemmed | The Unfolded Protein Response: Neutron-Induced Therapy Autophagy as a Promising Treatment Option for Osteosarcoma |
title_short | The Unfolded Protein Response: Neutron-Induced Therapy Autophagy as a Promising Treatment Option for Osteosarcoma |
title_sort | unfolded protein response: neutron-induced therapy autophagy as a promising treatment option for osteosarcoma |
topic | Article |
url | https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7312646/ https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/32466612 http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijms21113766 |
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