One species, two developmental modes: a case of geographic poecilogony in marine gastropods

BACKGROUND: Poecilogony, the presence of two developmental modes in the same animal species, is a rare phenomenon. Few cases of poecilogony have been suggested for marine invertebrates including molluscs and even less stood extensive testing, mostly revealing a species pair with differing developmental modes. We studied a textbook example of poecilogony in the viviparous snail Planaxis sulcatus (Gastropoda: Planaxidae), for the first time throughout its entire distribution range. RESULTS: In the Western Indian Ocean and Red Sea this intertidal species is observed to have large, shelled juveniles, whereas in the Indo-West Pacific planktotrophic veliger larvae are released from a subhaemocoelic brood pouch. We uncovered a shift in developmental modes across its range: from west to east successively earlier developmental stages are released. Furthermore, genetic data based on mitochondrial DNA suggests to recognize P. sulcatus as a single species rather than a group of cryptic species. A reconstruction of the ancestral area of P. sulcatus based on molecular data outlines the Western Indian Ocean and the Indo-West Pacific as area of origin. CONCLUSION: The findings supporting Planaxis sulcatus as a single widespread species and the geographical shift from one reproductive mode to another suggest for this species to truly represent a case of geographic poecilogony, i.e. differing developmental modes between populations of the same species. Furthermore, the results of our ancestral range estimation imply the release of planktotrophic larvae as the ancestral developmental mode.