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Democracy predicts sport and recreation membership: Insights from 52 countries
Although evidence suggests sport and recreation are powerful contributors to worldwide public health, sizable gender differences persist. It is unknown whether country characteristics moderate gender differences across countries. The primary purpose of this study was to examine if countries’ levels...
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Formato: | Online Artículo Texto |
Lenguaje: | English |
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Atlantis Press
2017
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Acceso en línea: | https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7320508/ https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/26826596 http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jegh.2015.12.003 |
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author | Balish, Shea M. |
author_facet | Balish, Shea M. |
author_sort | Balish, Shea M. |
collection | PubMed |
description | Although evidence suggests sport and recreation are powerful contributors to worldwide public health, sizable gender differences persist. It is unknown whether country characteristics moderate gender differences across countries. The primary purpose of this study was to examine if countries’ levels of democracy and/or gender inequality moderate gender differences in sport and recreation membership across countries. The secondary purpose was to examine if democracy and/or gender inequality predicts overall rates of sport and recreation membership for both males and females. This study involved a nested cross-sectional design and employed the sixth wave (2013) of the world value survey (n(Ss) = 71,901, n(countries) = 52). Multiple hierarchal nonlinear Bernoulli models tested: (1) if countries’ levels of democracy moderate gender differences in sport and recreation membership; and (2) if democracy is associated with increased sport and recreation membership for both males and females. Countries’ level of democracy fully moderated gender differences in sport and recreation membership across countries. Moreover, democracy was positively associated with both male and female membership, even when controlling for individual and country-level covariates. Democratic political regimes may confer health benefits via increased levels of sport and recreation membership, especially for females. Future research should test mediating mechanisms. |
format | Online Article Text |
id | pubmed-7320508 |
institution | National Center for Biotechnology Information |
language | English |
publishDate | 2017 |
publisher | Atlantis Press |
record_format | MEDLINE/PubMed |
spelling | pubmed-73205082020-07-28 Democracy predicts sport and recreation membership: Insights from 52 countries Balish, Shea M. J Epidemiol Glob Health Article Although evidence suggests sport and recreation are powerful contributors to worldwide public health, sizable gender differences persist. It is unknown whether country characteristics moderate gender differences across countries. The primary purpose of this study was to examine if countries’ levels of democracy and/or gender inequality moderate gender differences in sport and recreation membership across countries. The secondary purpose was to examine if democracy and/or gender inequality predicts overall rates of sport and recreation membership for both males and females. This study involved a nested cross-sectional design and employed the sixth wave (2013) of the world value survey (n(Ss) = 71,901, n(countries) = 52). Multiple hierarchal nonlinear Bernoulli models tested: (1) if countries’ levels of democracy moderate gender differences in sport and recreation membership; and (2) if democracy is associated with increased sport and recreation membership for both males and females. Countries’ level of democracy fully moderated gender differences in sport and recreation membership across countries. Moreover, democracy was positively associated with both male and female membership, even when controlling for individual and country-level covariates. Democratic political regimes may confer health benefits via increased levels of sport and recreation membership, especially for females. Future research should test mediating mechanisms. Atlantis Press 2017 2016-01-27 /pmc/articles/PMC7320508/ /pubmed/26826596 http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jegh.2015.12.003 Text en © 2016 Ministry of Health, Saudi Arabia. Published by Elsevier Ltd. This is an open access article under the CC BY-NC-ND license (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/). |
spellingShingle | Article Balish, Shea M. Democracy predicts sport and recreation membership: Insights from 52 countries |
title | Democracy predicts sport and recreation membership: Insights from 52 countries |
title_full | Democracy predicts sport and recreation membership: Insights from 52 countries |
title_fullStr | Democracy predicts sport and recreation membership: Insights from 52 countries |
title_full_unstemmed | Democracy predicts sport and recreation membership: Insights from 52 countries |
title_short | Democracy predicts sport and recreation membership: Insights from 52 countries |
title_sort | democracy predicts sport and recreation membership: insights from 52 countries |
topic | Article |
url | https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7320508/ https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/26826596 http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jegh.2015.12.003 |
work_keys_str_mv | AT balishsheam democracypredictssportandrecreationmembershipinsightsfrom52countries |