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Detecting Low Concentrations of Nitrogen-Based Adulterants in Whey Protein Powder Using Benchtop and Handheld NIR Spectrometers and the Feasibility of Scanning through Plastic Bag

Nitrogen-rich adulterants in protein powders present sensitivity challenges to conventional combustion methods of protein determination which can be overcome by near Infrared spectroscopy (NIRS). NIRS is a rapid analytical method with high sensitivity and non-invasive advantages. This study develope...

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Autores principales: Zinia Zaukuu, John-Lewis, Aouadi, Balkis, Lukács, Mátyás, Bodor, Zsanett, Vitális, Flóra, Gillay, Biborka, Gillay, Zoltan, Friedrich, László, Kovacs, Zoltan
Formato: Online Artículo Texto
Lenguaje:English
Publicado: MDPI 2020
Materias:
Acceso en línea:https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7321410/
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/32481691
http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/molecules25112522
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author Zinia Zaukuu, John-Lewis
Aouadi, Balkis
Lukács, Mátyás
Bodor, Zsanett
Vitális, Flóra
Gillay, Biborka
Gillay, Zoltan
Friedrich, László
Kovacs, Zoltan
author_facet Zinia Zaukuu, John-Lewis
Aouadi, Balkis
Lukács, Mátyás
Bodor, Zsanett
Vitális, Flóra
Gillay, Biborka
Gillay, Zoltan
Friedrich, László
Kovacs, Zoltan
author_sort Zinia Zaukuu, John-Lewis
collection PubMed
description Nitrogen-rich adulterants in protein powders present sensitivity challenges to conventional combustion methods of protein determination which can be overcome by near Infrared spectroscopy (NIRS). NIRS is a rapid analytical method with high sensitivity and non-invasive advantages. This study developed robust models using benchtop and handheld spectrometers to predict low concentrations of urea, glycine, taurine, and melamine in whey protein powder (WPP). Effectiveness of scanning samples through optical glass and polyethylene bags was also tested for the handheld NIRS. WPP was adulterated up to six concentration levels from 0.5% to 3% w/w. The two spectrometers were used to obtain three datasets of 819 diffuse reflectance spectra each that were pretreated before linear discriminant analysis (LDA) and regression (PLSR). Pretreatment was effective and revealed important absorption bands that could be correlated with the chemical properties of the mixtures. Benchtop NIR spectrometer showed the best results in LDA and PLSR but handheld NIR spectrometers showed comparatively good results. There were high prediction accuracies and low errors attesting to the robustness of the developed PLSR models using independent test set validation. Both the plastic bag and optical glass gave good results with accuracies depending on the adulterant of interest and can be used for field applications.
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spelling pubmed-73214102020-06-29 Detecting Low Concentrations of Nitrogen-Based Adulterants in Whey Protein Powder Using Benchtop and Handheld NIR Spectrometers and the Feasibility of Scanning through Plastic Bag Zinia Zaukuu, John-Lewis Aouadi, Balkis Lukács, Mátyás Bodor, Zsanett Vitális, Flóra Gillay, Biborka Gillay, Zoltan Friedrich, László Kovacs, Zoltan Molecules Article Nitrogen-rich adulterants in protein powders present sensitivity challenges to conventional combustion methods of protein determination which can be overcome by near Infrared spectroscopy (NIRS). NIRS is a rapid analytical method with high sensitivity and non-invasive advantages. This study developed robust models using benchtop and handheld spectrometers to predict low concentrations of urea, glycine, taurine, and melamine in whey protein powder (WPP). Effectiveness of scanning samples through optical glass and polyethylene bags was also tested for the handheld NIRS. WPP was adulterated up to six concentration levels from 0.5% to 3% w/w. The two spectrometers were used to obtain three datasets of 819 diffuse reflectance spectra each that were pretreated before linear discriminant analysis (LDA) and regression (PLSR). Pretreatment was effective and revealed important absorption bands that could be correlated with the chemical properties of the mixtures. Benchtop NIR spectrometer showed the best results in LDA and PLSR but handheld NIR spectrometers showed comparatively good results. There were high prediction accuracies and low errors attesting to the robustness of the developed PLSR models using independent test set validation. Both the plastic bag and optical glass gave good results with accuracies depending on the adulterant of interest and can be used for field applications. MDPI 2020-05-28 /pmc/articles/PMC7321410/ /pubmed/32481691 http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/molecules25112522 Text en © 2020 by the authors. Licensee MDPI, Basel, Switzerland. This article is an open access article distributed under the terms and conditions of the Creative Commons Attribution (CC BY) license (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/).
spellingShingle Article
Zinia Zaukuu, John-Lewis
Aouadi, Balkis
Lukács, Mátyás
Bodor, Zsanett
Vitális, Flóra
Gillay, Biborka
Gillay, Zoltan
Friedrich, László
Kovacs, Zoltan
Detecting Low Concentrations of Nitrogen-Based Adulterants in Whey Protein Powder Using Benchtop and Handheld NIR Spectrometers and the Feasibility of Scanning through Plastic Bag
title Detecting Low Concentrations of Nitrogen-Based Adulterants in Whey Protein Powder Using Benchtop and Handheld NIR Spectrometers and the Feasibility of Scanning through Plastic Bag
title_full Detecting Low Concentrations of Nitrogen-Based Adulterants in Whey Protein Powder Using Benchtop and Handheld NIR Spectrometers and the Feasibility of Scanning through Plastic Bag
title_fullStr Detecting Low Concentrations of Nitrogen-Based Adulterants in Whey Protein Powder Using Benchtop and Handheld NIR Spectrometers and the Feasibility of Scanning through Plastic Bag
title_full_unstemmed Detecting Low Concentrations of Nitrogen-Based Adulterants in Whey Protein Powder Using Benchtop and Handheld NIR Spectrometers and the Feasibility of Scanning through Plastic Bag
title_short Detecting Low Concentrations of Nitrogen-Based Adulterants in Whey Protein Powder Using Benchtop and Handheld NIR Spectrometers and the Feasibility of Scanning through Plastic Bag
title_sort detecting low concentrations of nitrogen-based adulterants in whey protein powder using benchtop and handheld nir spectrometers and the feasibility of scanning through plastic bag
topic Article
url https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7321410/
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/32481691
http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/molecules25112522
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