Lenvatinib for large hepatocellular carcinomas with portal trunk invasion: Two case reports

BACKGROUND: In a phase III trial of lenvatinib as first-line treatment for advanced unresectable hepatocellular carcinoma (uHCC), the drug proved non-inferior to sorafenib in terms of the overall survival, but offered better progression-free survival. However, the effects of lenvatinib in uHCC patients with a tumor thrombus in the main portal vein and/or a high tumor burden (tumor occupancy more than 50% of the total liver volume), remain unclear, because these were set as exclusion criteria in the aforementioned trial. CASE SUMMARY: A 53-year-old man (case 1) and 66-year-old woman (case 2) with uHCC presented to us with a tumor thrombus in both the main portal vein and inferior vena cava, a high tumor burden accompanied by a tumor diameter greater than > 100 mm, and distant metastasis, with the residual liver function classified as grade 2A according to the modified Albumin–Bilirubin grading. We started both patients on lenvatinib. The therapeutic effect, as evaluated by the modified Response Evaluation Criteria in Solid Tumors, was rated as partial response in both case 1 and case 2 (at 8 wk and 4 wk after the start of lenvatinib administration, respectively). The therapeutic effect was sustained for 6 mo in case 1 and 20 mo in case 2. Fever occurred as an adverse event in both case 1 and 2, and hyperthyroidism and thrombocytopenia in only case 2, neither of which, however, necessitated treatment discontinuation. CONCLUSION: Even in hepatocellular carcinoma patients with poor prognostic factors, if the liver function is well-preserved, lenvatinib is effective and safe.