Spectrum of biopsy proven renal diseases in Central China: a 10-year retrospective study based on 34,630 cases

Chronic kidney diseases have become a major issue worldwide. The spectrum of biopsy proven renal diseases differs between locations and changes over time. It is therefore essential to describe the local epidemiological trends and the prevalence of renal biopsy in various regions to shine new light on the pathogenesis of various renal diseases and provide a basis for further hypothesis-driven research. We retrospectively analyzed 34,630 hospitalized patients undergoing native renal biopsy between January 1, 2009 and December 31, 2018. Indications for renal biopsy and histological diagnosis were analyzed to describe the prevalence of renal biopsy, and changing prevalence between period 1 (2009–2013) and period 2 (2014–2018) were further analyzed. Nephrotic syndrome (NS) was the most common indication for biopsy. Membranous nephropathy (MN, 24.96%) and IgA nephropathy (IgAN, 24.09%) were the most common primary glomerulonephritis (PGN). MN was most common in adults, with IgAN more prevalent in children. Lupus nephritis (LN) was the most common secondary glomerulonephritis (SGN) in adults, while Henöch–Schönlein purpura nephritis (HSPN) in children. The prevalence of MN increased significantly and nearly doubled from period 1 (15.98%) to period 2 (30.81%) (P = 0.0004). The same trend appeared with membranoproliferative glomerulonephritis (MPGN), diabetic nephropathy (DN) and obesity-related glomerulopathy (ORG), while the frequencies of minimal change disease (MCD), focal segmental glomerulosclerosis (FSGS), LN and hepatitis B associated glomerulonephritis (HBV-GN) significantly decreased between the two intervals. NS was the most common indication for biopsy across all age groups and genders. MN has overtaken IgAN to become the most common PGN in adults, while IgAN was the most common PGN in children. LN was the most common SGN in adults, and HSPN the most common in children.