What Matters for C(4) Transporters: Evolutionary Changes of Phosphoenolpyruvate Transporter for C(4) Photosynthesis

C(4) photosynthesis is a complex trait that evolved from its ancestral C(3) photosynthesis by recruiting pre-existing genes. These co-opted genes were changed in many aspects compared to their counterparts in C(3) species. Most of the evolutionary changes of the C(4) shuttle enzymes are well characterized, however, evolutionary changes for the recruited metabolite transporters are less studied. Here we analyzed the evolutionary changes of the shuttle enzyme phosphoenolpyruvate (PEP) transporter (PPT) during its recruitment from C(3) to C(4) photosynthesis. Our analysis showed that among the two PPT paralogs PPT1 and PPT2, PPT1 was the copy recruited for C(4) photosynthesis in multiple C(4) lineages. During C(4) evolution, PPT1 gained increased transcript abundance, shifted its expression from predominantly in root to in leaf and from bundle sheath cell to mesophyll cell, and gained more rapid and long-lasting responsiveness to light. Modifications occurred in both regulatory and coding regions in C(4) PPT1 as compared to C(3) PPT1, however, the PEP transporting function of PPT1 remained. We found that PPT1 of a Flaveria C(4) species recruited a MEM1 B submodule in the promoter region, which might be related to the increased transcript abundance of PPT1 in C(4) mesophyll cells. The case study of PPT further suggested that high transcript abundance in a proper location is of high priority for PPT to support C(4) function.