急性早幼粒细胞白血病治疗相关性髓系肿瘤四例报告并文献复习

OBJECTIVE: To investigate the clinical characteristics, diagnosis, treatment and prognosis of therapy-related myeloid neoplasms（t-MNs）after successful treatment for acute promyelocytic leukemia（APL）. METHODS: Clinical data of 4 patients, diagnosed as t-MNs secondary to APL at Hematology Hospital of Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences from October 2012 to January 2019, were collected retrospectively. T-MNs related literature was reviewed. RESULTS: The 4 cases were all females, with the median age 42（range 40–53）years old at the diagnosis of APL. Regarding the induction and consolidation regimens, 3 patients received all-trans retinoid acid（ATRA）and arsenic trioxide（ATO）combined with anthracycline/anthraquinone and/or cytosine. One patient only received ATRA and other auxiliary drugs. Alkylating agents were not administrated. The 4 patients developed t-MNs 40 to 43 months after complete remission（CR）of APL, including 1 case of therapy-related myelodysplastic syndrome（t-MDS）and 3 cases of acute myeloid leukemia（t-AML）. The PML-RARα fusion genes were all negative when t-MNs developed. The three patients with t-AML were treated with 3 to 4 re-induction regimens, one of whom underwent allogeneic hematopoietic stem cell transplantation（allo-HSCT）after complete remission（CR）. One patient with t-MDS received hypomethylating agents. After a median follow-up of 54.5（48–62）months, 2 patients with t-AML died, the median overall survival after t-MN was 12（5–18）months. From 1989 to 2018, a total of 63 t-MN cases were reported in the literature. Therefore, 67 cases were analyzed when four patients in our center were added, including 27 males and 40 females with median age 52.5（15–76）years. The median latency was 39（12–126）months and the median overall survival after diagnosis of t-MN was 10（1–39）months. CONCLUSION: Although rare, t-MNs may occur after successful control of APL. There are no existing guidelines for prevention and treatment of t-MNs, which have very poor prognosis. If cytopenia or other abnormalities of peripheral blood cells develop after 3 years of APL, t-MNs should be considered as a differential diagnosis.