The Solvent-Exposed Fe–S D-Cluster Contributes to Oxygen-Resistance in Desulfovibrio vulgaris Ni–Fe Carbon Monoxide Dehydrogenase

[Image: see text] Ni–Fe CO-dehydrogenases (CODHs) catalyze the conversion between CO and CO(2) using a chain of Fe–S clusters to mediate long-range electron transfer. One of these clusters, the D-cluster, is surface-exposed and serves to transfer electrons between CODH and external redox partners. These enzymes tend to be extremely O(2)-sensitive and are always manipulated under strictly anaerobic conditions. However, the CODH from Desulfovibrio vulgaris (Dv) appears unique: exposure to micromolar concentrations of O(2) on the minutes-time scale only reversibly inhibits the enzyme, and full activity is recovered after reduction. Here, we examine whether this unusual property of Dv CODH results from the nature of its D-cluster, which is a [2Fe-2S] cluster, instead of the [4Fe-4S] cluster observed in all other characterized CODHs. To this aim, we produced and characterized a Dv CODH variant where the [2Fe-2S] D-cluster is replaced with a [4Fe-4S] D-cluster through mutagenesis of the D-cluster–binding sequence motif. We determined the crystal structure of this CODH variant to 1.83-Å resolution and confirmed the incorporation of a [4Fe-4S] D-cluster. We show that upon long-term O(2)-exposure, the [4Fe-4S] D-cluster degrades, whereas the [2Fe-2S] D-cluster remains intact. Crystal structures of the Dv CODH variant exposed to O(2) for increasing periods of time provide snapshots of [4Fe-4S] D-cluster degradation. We further show that the WT enzyme purified under aerobic conditions retains 30% activity relative to a fully anaerobic purification, compared to 10% for the variant, and the WT enzyme loses activity more slowly than the variant upon prolonged aerobic storage. The D-cluster is therefore a key site of irreversible oxidative damage in Dv CODH, and the presence of a [2Fe-2S] D-cluster contributes to the O(2)-tolerance of this enzyme. Together, these results relate O(2)-sensitivity with the details of the protein structure in this family of enzymes.