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Black–White Risk Differentials in COVID-19 (SARS-COV2) Transmission, Mortality and Case Fatality in the United States: Translational Epidemiologic Perspective and Challenges
Background: Social and health inequities predispose vulnerable populations to adverse morbidity and mortality outcomes of epidemics and pandemics. While racial disparities in cumulative incidence (CmI) and mortality from the influenza pandemics of 1918 and 2009 implicated Blacks with survival disadv...
Autores principales: | , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , |
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Formato: | Online Artículo Texto |
Lenguaje: | English |
Publicado: |
MDPI
2020
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Materias: | |
Acceso en línea: | https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7345143/ https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/32560363 http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijerph17124322 |
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author | Holmes, Laurens Enwere, Michael Williams, Janille Ogundele, Benjamin Chavan, Prachi Piccoli, Tatiana Chinaka, Chinacherem Comeaux, Camillia Pelaez, Lavisha Okundaye, Osatohamwen Stalnaker, Leslie Kalle, Fanta Deepika, Keeti Philipcien, Glen Poleon, Maura Ogungbade, Gbadebo Elmi, Hikma John, Valescia Dabney, Kirk W. |
author_facet | Holmes, Laurens Enwere, Michael Williams, Janille Ogundele, Benjamin Chavan, Prachi Piccoli, Tatiana Chinaka, Chinacherem Comeaux, Camillia Pelaez, Lavisha Okundaye, Osatohamwen Stalnaker, Leslie Kalle, Fanta Deepika, Keeti Philipcien, Glen Poleon, Maura Ogungbade, Gbadebo Elmi, Hikma John, Valescia Dabney, Kirk W. |
author_sort | Holmes, Laurens |
collection | PubMed |
description | Background: Social and health inequities predispose vulnerable populations to adverse morbidity and mortality outcomes of epidemics and pandemics. While racial disparities in cumulative incidence (CmI) and mortality from the influenza pandemics of 1918 and 2009 implicated Blacks with survival disadvantage relative to Whites in the United States, COVID-19 currently indicates comparable disparities. We aimed to: (a) assess COVID-19 CmI by race, (b) determine the Black–White case fatality (CF) and risk differentials, and (c) apply explanatory model for mortality risk differentials. Methods: COVID-19 data on confirmed cases and deaths by selective states health departments were assessed using a cross-sectional ecologic design. Chi-square was used for CF independence, while binomial regression model for the Black–White risk differentials. Results: The COVID-19 mortality CmI indicated Blacks/AA with 34% of the total mortality in the United States, albeit their 13% population size. The COVID-19 CF was higher among Blacks/AA relative to Whites; Maryland, (2.7% vs. 2.5%), Wisconsin (7.4% vs. 4.8%), Illinois (4.8% vs. 4.2%), Chicago (5.9% vs. 3.2%), Detroit (Michigan), 7.2% and St. John the Baptist Parish (Louisiana), 7.9%. Blacks/AA compared to Whites in Michigan were 15% more likely to die, CmI risk ratio (CmIRR) = 1.15, 95% CI, 1.01–1.32. Blacks/AA relative to Whites in Illinois were 13% more likely to die, CmIRR = 1.13, 95% CI, 0.93–1.39, while Blacks/AA compared to Whites in Wisconsin were 51% more likely to die, CmIRR = 1.51, 95% CI, 1.10–2.10. In Chicago, Blacks/AA were more than twice as likely to die, CmIRR = 2.24, 95% CI, 1.36–3.88. Conclusion: Substantial racial/ethnic disparities are observed in COVID-19 CF and mortality with Blacks/AA disproportionately affected across the United States. |
format | Online Article Text |
id | pubmed-7345143 |
institution | National Center for Biotechnology Information |
language | English |
publishDate | 2020 |
publisher | MDPI |
record_format | MEDLINE/PubMed |
spelling | pubmed-73451432020-07-09 Black–White Risk Differentials in COVID-19 (SARS-COV2) Transmission, Mortality and Case Fatality in the United States: Translational Epidemiologic Perspective and Challenges Holmes, Laurens Enwere, Michael Williams, Janille Ogundele, Benjamin Chavan, Prachi Piccoli, Tatiana Chinaka, Chinacherem Comeaux, Camillia Pelaez, Lavisha Okundaye, Osatohamwen Stalnaker, Leslie Kalle, Fanta Deepika, Keeti Philipcien, Glen Poleon, Maura Ogungbade, Gbadebo Elmi, Hikma John, Valescia Dabney, Kirk W. Int J Environ Res Public Health Article Background: Social and health inequities predispose vulnerable populations to adverse morbidity and mortality outcomes of epidemics and pandemics. While racial disparities in cumulative incidence (CmI) and mortality from the influenza pandemics of 1918 and 2009 implicated Blacks with survival disadvantage relative to Whites in the United States, COVID-19 currently indicates comparable disparities. We aimed to: (a) assess COVID-19 CmI by race, (b) determine the Black–White case fatality (CF) and risk differentials, and (c) apply explanatory model for mortality risk differentials. Methods: COVID-19 data on confirmed cases and deaths by selective states health departments were assessed using a cross-sectional ecologic design. Chi-square was used for CF independence, while binomial regression model for the Black–White risk differentials. Results: The COVID-19 mortality CmI indicated Blacks/AA with 34% of the total mortality in the United States, albeit their 13% population size. The COVID-19 CF was higher among Blacks/AA relative to Whites; Maryland, (2.7% vs. 2.5%), Wisconsin (7.4% vs. 4.8%), Illinois (4.8% vs. 4.2%), Chicago (5.9% vs. 3.2%), Detroit (Michigan), 7.2% and St. John the Baptist Parish (Louisiana), 7.9%. Blacks/AA compared to Whites in Michigan were 15% more likely to die, CmI risk ratio (CmIRR) = 1.15, 95% CI, 1.01–1.32. Blacks/AA relative to Whites in Illinois were 13% more likely to die, CmIRR = 1.13, 95% CI, 0.93–1.39, while Blacks/AA compared to Whites in Wisconsin were 51% more likely to die, CmIRR = 1.51, 95% CI, 1.10–2.10. In Chicago, Blacks/AA were more than twice as likely to die, CmIRR = 2.24, 95% CI, 1.36–3.88. Conclusion: Substantial racial/ethnic disparities are observed in COVID-19 CF and mortality with Blacks/AA disproportionately affected across the United States. MDPI 2020-06-17 2020-06 /pmc/articles/PMC7345143/ /pubmed/32560363 http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijerph17124322 Text en © 2020 by the authors. Licensee MDPI, Basel, Switzerland. This article is an open access article distributed under the terms and conditions of the Creative Commons Attribution (CC BY) license (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/). |
spellingShingle | Article Holmes, Laurens Enwere, Michael Williams, Janille Ogundele, Benjamin Chavan, Prachi Piccoli, Tatiana Chinaka, Chinacherem Comeaux, Camillia Pelaez, Lavisha Okundaye, Osatohamwen Stalnaker, Leslie Kalle, Fanta Deepika, Keeti Philipcien, Glen Poleon, Maura Ogungbade, Gbadebo Elmi, Hikma John, Valescia Dabney, Kirk W. Black–White Risk Differentials in COVID-19 (SARS-COV2) Transmission, Mortality and Case Fatality in the United States: Translational Epidemiologic Perspective and Challenges |
title | Black–White Risk Differentials in COVID-19 (SARS-COV2) Transmission, Mortality and Case Fatality in the United States: Translational Epidemiologic Perspective and Challenges |
title_full | Black–White Risk Differentials in COVID-19 (SARS-COV2) Transmission, Mortality and Case Fatality in the United States: Translational Epidemiologic Perspective and Challenges |
title_fullStr | Black–White Risk Differentials in COVID-19 (SARS-COV2) Transmission, Mortality and Case Fatality in the United States: Translational Epidemiologic Perspective and Challenges |
title_full_unstemmed | Black–White Risk Differentials in COVID-19 (SARS-COV2) Transmission, Mortality and Case Fatality in the United States: Translational Epidemiologic Perspective and Challenges |
title_short | Black–White Risk Differentials in COVID-19 (SARS-COV2) Transmission, Mortality and Case Fatality in the United States: Translational Epidemiologic Perspective and Challenges |
title_sort | black–white risk differentials in covid-19 (sars-cov2) transmission, mortality and case fatality in the united states: translational epidemiologic perspective and challenges |
topic | Article |
url | https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7345143/ https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/32560363 http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijerph17124322 |
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