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The Agnostic Role of Site of Metastasis in Predicting Outcomes in Cancer Patients Treated with Immunotherapy

Immune checkpoint inhibitors have revolutionized treatment and outcome of melanoma and many other solid malignancies including non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) and renal cell carcinoma (RCC). Unfortunately, only a minority of patients have a long-term benefit, while the remaining demonstrate prima...

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Autores principales: Botticelli, Andrea, Cirillo, Alessio, Scagnoli, Simone, Cerbelli, Bruna, Strigari, Lidia, Cortellini, Alessio, Pizzuti, Laura, Vici, Patrizia, De Galitiis, Federica, Di Pietro, Francesca Romana, Cerbelli, Edoardo, Ghidini, Michele, D’Amati, Giulia, Della Rocca, Carlo, Mezi, Silvia, Gelibter, Alain, Giusti, Raffaele, Cortesi, Enrico, Ascierto, Paolo Antonio, Nuti, Marianna, Marchetti, Paolo
Formato: Online Artículo Texto
Lenguaje:English
Publicado: MDPI 2020
Materias:
Acceso en línea:https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7349154/
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/32353934
http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/vaccines8020203
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author Botticelli, Andrea
Cirillo, Alessio
Scagnoli, Simone
Cerbelli, Bruna
Strigari, Lidia
Cortellini, Alessio
Pizzuti, Laura
Vici, Patrizia
De Galitiis, Federica
Di Pietro, Francesca Romana
Cerbelli, Edoardo
Ghidini, Michele
D’Amati, Giulia
Della Rocca, Carlo
Mezi, Silvia
Gelibter, Alain
Giusti, Raffaele
Cortesi, Enrico
Ascierto, Paolo Antonio
Nuti, Marianna
Marchetti, Paolo
author_facet Botticelli, Andrea
Cirillo, Alessio
Scagnoli, Simone
Cerbelli, Bruna
Strigari, Lidia
Cortellini, Alessio
Pizzuti, Laura
Vici, Patrizia
De Galitiis, Federica
Di Pietro, Francesca Romana
Cerbelli, Edoardo
Ghidini, Michele
D’Amati, Giulia
Della Rocca, Carlo
Mezi, Silvia
Gelibter, Alain
Giusti, Raffaele
Cortesi, Enrico
Ascierto, Paolo Antonio
Nuti, Marianna
Marchetti, Paolo
author_sort Botticelli, Andrea
collection PubMed
description Immune checkpoint inhibitors have revolutionized treatment and outcome of melanoma and many other solid malignancies including non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) and renal cell carcinoma (RCC). Unfortunately, only a minority of patients have a long-term benefit, while the remaining demonstrate primary or acquired resistance. Recently, it has been demonstrated that the prevalence of programmed death-ligand 1 (PD-L1) and tumor-infiltrating lymphocytes (TILs) varies based on the anatomical site of metastases. In particular, liver seems to have more immunosuppressive microenvironment while both the presence of lymph nodal disease and lung metastases seem to have the highest prevalence of PD-L1 and TILs. The aim of the present study is to investigate the possible role of site of metastases as a predictive factor for response or resistance to immunotherapy in several types of cancer. In this multicenter retrospective study, we enrolled patients with metastatic NSCLC, melanoma, RCC, urothelial, merkel carcinoma, and colon cancer who received immunotherapy from April 2015 to August 2019. Major clinicopathological parameters were retrieved and correlated with patients’ survival outcomes in order to assess their prognostic value and build a useful tool to assist in the decision-making process. A total of 291 patients were included in this study. One hundred eighty-seven (64%) patients were male and 104 (36%) female. The tumor histology was squamous NSCLC in 56 (19%) patients, non-squamous NSCLC in 99 (34%) patients, melanoma in 101 (35%) patients, RCC in 28 (10%) patients, and other tumors in the remaining 7 (2%) patients. The number of metastatic sites was 1 in 103 patients (35%), 2 in 104 patients (36%) and 3 in 84 patients (29%). Out of 183 valuable patients, the entity of response was complete response (CR), partial response (PR), stable disease (SD), and progression disease (PD) in 15, 53, 31, and 79 patients, respectively. Using an univariate analysis (UVA), tumor burden (p = 0.0004), the presence of liver (p = 0.0009), bone (p = 0.0016), brain metastases (p < 0.0001), the other metastatic sites (p = 0.0375), the number of metastatic sites (p = 0.0039), the histology (p = 0.0034), the upfront use of immunotherapy (p = 0.0032), and Eastern Cooperative Oncology Group (ECOG) Perfomance status (PS) ≥ 1 (p < 0.0001) were significantly associated with poor overall survival (OS). Using a multivariate analysis (MVA) the presence of liver (p = 0.0105) and brain (p = 0.0026) metastases, the NSCLC diagnosis (p < 0.0001) and the ECOG PS (p < 0.0001) resulted as significant prognostic factors of survival. Regarding the progression free survival (PFS), using a UVA of the tumor burden (p = 0.0004), bone (p = 0.0098) and brain (p = 0.0038) metastases, the presence of other metastatic sites (p = 0.0063), the number of metastatic sites (p = 0.0007), the histology (p = 0.0007), the use of immunotherapy as first line (p = 0.0031), and the ECOG PS ≥ 1 (p ≤ 0.0001) were associated with a lower PFS rate. Using an MVA, the presence of brain (p = 0.0088) and liver metastases (p = 0.024) and the ECOG PS (p < 0.0001) resulted as predictors of poor PFS. Our study suggests that the site of metastases could have a role as prognostic and predictive factor in patients treated with immunotherapy. Indeed, regardless of the histology, the presence of liver and brain metastases was associated with a shorter PFS and OS, but these results must be confirmed in further studies. In this context, a deep characterization of microenvironment could be crucial to prepare patients through novel strategies with combination or sequential immunotherapy in order to improve treatment response.
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spelling pubmed-73491542020-07-22 The Agnostic Role of Site of Metastasis in Predicting Outcomes in Cancer Patients Treated with Immunotherapy Botticelli, Andrea Cirillo, Alessio Scagnoli, Simone Cerbelli, Bruna Strigari, Lidia Cortellini, Alessio Pizzuti, Laura Vici, Patrizia De Galitiis, Federica Di Pietro, Francesca Romana Cerbelli, Edoardo Ghidini, Michele D’Amati, Giulia Della Rocca, Carlo Mezi, Silvia Gelibter, Alain Giusti, Raffaele Cortesi, Enrico Ascierto, Paolo Antonio Nuti, Marianna Marchetti, Paolo Vaccines (Basel) Article Immune checkpoint inhibitors have revolutionized treatment and outcome of melanoma and many other solid malignancies including non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) and renal cell carcinoma (RCC). Unfortunately, only a minority of patients have a long-term benefit, while the remaining demonstrate primary or acquired resistance. Recently, it has been demonstrated that the prevalence of programmed death-ligand 1 (PD-L1) and tumor-infiltrating lymphocytes (TILs) varies based on the anatomical site of metastases. In particular, liver seems to have more immunosuppressive microenvironment while both the presence of lymph nodal disease and lung metastases seem to have the highest prevalence of PD-L1 and TILs. The aim of the present study is to investigate the possible role of site of metastases as a predictive factor for response or resistance to immunotherapy in several types of cancer. In this multicenter retrospective study, we enrolled patients with metastatic NSCLC, melanoma, RCC, urothelial, merkel carcinoma, and colon cancer who received immunotherapy from April 2015 to August 2019. Major clinicopathological parameters were retrieved and correlated with patients’ survival outcomes in order to assess their prognostic value and build a useful tool to assist in the decision-making process. A total of 291 patients were included in this study. One hundred eighty-seven (64%) patients were male and 104 (36%) female. The tumor histology was squamous NSCLC in 56 (19%) patients, non-squamous NSCLC in 99 (34%) patients, melanoma in 101 (35%) patients, RCC in 28 (10%) patients, and other tumors in the remaining 7 (2%) patients. The number of metastatic sites was 1 in 103 patients (35%), 2 in 104 patients (36%) and 3 in 84 patients (29%). Out of 183 valuable patients, the entity of response was complete response (CR), partial response (PR), stable disease (SD), and progression disease (PD) in 15, 53, 31, and 79 patients, respectively. Using an univariate analysis (UVA), tumor burden (p = 0.0004), the presence of liver (p = 0.0009), bone (p = 0.0016), brain metastases (p < 0.0001), the other metastatic sites (p = 0.0375), the number of metastatic sites (p = 0.0039), the histology (p = 0.0034), the upfront use of immunotherapy (p = 0.0032), and Eastern Cooperative Oncology Group (ECOG) Perfomance status (PS) ≥ 1 (p < 0.0001) were significantly associated with poor overall survival (OS). Using a multivariate analysis (MVA) the presence of liver (p = 0.0105) and brain (p = 0.0026) metastases, the NSCLC diagnosis (p < 0.0001) and the ECOG PS (p < 0.0001) resulted as significant prognostic factors of survival. Regarding the progression free survival (PFS), using a UVA of the tumor burden (p = 0.0004), bone (p = 0.0098) and brain (p = 0.0038) metastases, the presence of other metastatic sites (p = 0.0063), the number of metastatic sites (p = 0.0007), the histology (p = 0.0007), the use of immunotherapy as first line (p = 0.0031), and the ECOG PS ≥ 1 (p ≤ 0.0001) were associated with a lower PFS rate. Using an MVA, the presence of brain (p = 0.0088) and liver metastases (p = 0.024) and the ECOG PS (p < 0.0001) resulted as predictors of poor PFS. Our study suggests that the site of metastases could have a role as prognostic and predictive factor in patients treated with immunotherapy. Indeed, regardless of the histology, the presence of liver and brain metastases was associated with a shorter PFS and OS, but these results must be confirmed in further studies. In this context, a deep characterization of microenvironment could be crucial to prepare patients through novel strategies with combination or sequential immunotherapy in order to improve treatment response. MDPI 2020-04-28 /pmc/articles/PMC7349154/ /pubmed/32353934 http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/vaccines8020203 Text en © 2020 by the authors. Licensee MDPI, Basel, Switzerland. This article is an open access article distributed under the terms and conditions of the Creative Commons Attribution (CC BY) license (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/).
spellingShingle Article
Botticelli, Andrea
Cirillo, Alessio
Scagnoli, Simone
Cerbelli, Bruna
Strigari, Lidia
Cortellini, Alessio
Pizzuti, Laura
Vici, Patrizia
De Galitiis, Federica
Di Pietro, Francesca Romana
Cerbelli, Edoardo
Ghidini, Michele
D’Amati, Giulia
Della Rocca, Carlo
Mezi, Silvia
Gelibter, Alain
Giusti, Raffaele
Cortesi, Enrico
Ascierto, Paolo Antonio
Nuti, Marianna
Marchetti, Paolo
The Agnostic Role of Site of Metastasis in Predicting Outcomes in Cancer Patients Treated with Immunotherapy
title The Agnostic Role of Site of Metastasis in Predicting Outcomes in Cancer Patients Treated with Immunotherapy
title_full The Agnostic Role of Site of Metastasis in Predicting Outcomes in Cancer Patients Treated with Immunotherapy
title_fullStr The Agnostic Role of Site of Metastasis in Predicting Outcomes in Cancer Patients Treated with Immunotherapy
title_full_unstemmed The Agnostic Role of Site of Metastasis in Predicting Outcomes in Cancer Patients Treated with Immunotherapy
title_short The Agnostic Role of Site of Metastasis in Predicting Outcomes in Cancer Patients Treated with Immunotherapy
title_sort agnostic role of site of metastasis in predicting outcomes in cancer patients treated with immunotherapy
topic Article
url https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7349154/
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/32353934
http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/vaccines8020203
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