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Thyroid-Gut-Axis: How Does the Microbiota Influence Thyroid Function?

A healthy gut microbiota not only has beneficial effects on the activity of the immune system, but also on thyroid function. Thyroid and intestinal diseases prevalently coexist—Hashimoto’s thyroiditis (HT) and Graves’ disease (GD) are the most common autoimmune thyroid diseases (AITD) and often co-o...

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Autores principales: Knezevic, Jovana, Starchl, Christina, Tmava Berisha, Adelina, Amrein, Karin
Formato: Online Artículo Texto
Lenguaje:English
Publicado: MDPI 2020
Materias:
Acceso en línea:https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7353203/
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/32545596
http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/nu12061769
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author Knezevic, Jovana
Starchl, Christina
Tmava Berisha, Adelina
Amrein, Karin
author_facet Knezevic, Jovana
Starchl, Christina
Tmava Berisha, Adelina
Amrein, Karin
author_sort Knezevic, Jovana
collection PubMed
description A healthy gut microbiota not only has beneficial effects on the activity of the immune system, but also on thyroid function. Thyroid and intestinal diseases prevalently coexist—Hashimoto’s thyroiditis (HT) and Graves’ disease (GD) are the most common autoimmune thyroid diseases (AITD) and often co-occur with Celiac Disease (CD) and Non-celiac wheat sensitivity (NCWS). This can be explained by the damaged intestinal barrier and the following increase of intestinal permeability, allowing antigens to pass more easily and activate the immune system or cross-react with extraintestinal tissues, respectively. Dysbiosis has not only been found in AITDs, but has also been reported in thyroid carcinoma, in which an increased number of carcinogenic and inflammatory bacterial strains were observed. Additionally, the composition of the gut microbiota has an influence on the availability of essential micronutrients for the thyroid gland. Iodine, iron, and copper are crucial for thyroid hormone synthesis, selenium and zinc are needed for converting T4 to T3, and vitamin D assists in regulating the immune response. Those micronutrients are often found to be deficient in AITDs, resulting in malfunctioning of the thyroid. Bariatric surgery can lead to an inadequate absorption of these nutrients and further implicates changes in thyroid stimulating hormone (TSH) and T3 levels. Supplementation of probiotics showed beneficial effects on thyroid hormones and thyroid function in general. A literature research was performed to examine the interplay between gut microbiota and thyroid disorders that should be considered when treating patients suffering from thyroid diseases. Multifactorial therapeutic and preventive management strategies could be established and more specifically adjusted to patients, depending on their gut bacteria composition. Future well-powered human studies are warranted to evaluate the impact of alterations in gut microbiota on thyroid function and diseases.
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spelling pubmed-73532032020-07-15 Thyroid-Gut-Axis: How Does the Microbiota Influence Thyroid Function? Knezevic, Jovana Starchl, Christina Tmava Berisha, Adelina Amrein, Karin Nutrients Review A healthy gut microbiota not only has beneficial effects on the activity of the immune system, but also on thyroid function. Thyroid and intestinal diseases prevalently coexist—Hashimoto’s thyroiditis (HT) and Graves’ disease (GD) are the most common autoimmune thyroid diseases (AITD) and often co-occur with Celiac Disease (CD) and Non-celiac wheat sensitivity (NCWS). This can be explained by the damaged intestinal barrier and the following increase of intestinal permeability, allowing antigens to pass more easily and activate the immune system or cross-react with extraintestinal tissues, respectively. Dysbiosis has not only been found in AITDs, but has also been reported in thyroid carcinoma, in which an increased number of carcinogenic and inflammatory bacterial strains were observed. Additionally, the composition of the gut microbiota has an influence on the availability of essential micronutrients for the thyroid gland. Iodine, iron, and copper are crucial for thyroid hormone synthesis, selenium and zinc are needed for converting T4 to T3, and vitamin D assists in regulating the immune response. Those micronutrients are often found to be deficient in AITDs, resulting in malfunctioning of the thyroid. Bariatric surgery can lead to an inadequate absorption of these nutrients and further implicates changes in thyroid stimulating hormone (TSH) and T3 levels. Supplementation of probiotics showed beneficial effects on thyroid hormones and thyroid function in general. A literature research was performed to examine the interplay between gut microbiota and thyroid disorders that should be considered when treating patients suffering from thyroid diseases. Multifactorial therapeutic and preventive management strategies could be established and more specifically adjusted to patients, depending on their gut bacteria composition. Future well-powered human studies are warranted to evaluate the impact of alterations in gut microbiota on thyroid function and diseases. MDPI 2020-06-12 /pmc/articles/PMC7353203/ /pubmed/32545596 http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/nu12061769 Text en © 2020 by the authors. Licensee MDPI, Basel, Switzerland. This article is an open access article distributed under the terms and conditions of the Creative Commons Attribution (CC BY) license (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/).
spellingShingle Review
Knezevic, Jovana
Starchl, Christina
Tmava Berisha, Adelina
Amrein, Karin
Thyroid-Gut-Axis: How Does the Microbiota Influence Thyroid Function?
title Thyroid-Gut-Axis: How Does the Microbiota Influence Thyroid Function?
title_full Thyroid-Gut-Axis: How Does the Microbiota Influence Thyroid Function?
title_fullStr Thyroid-Gut-Axis: How Does the Microbiota Influence Thyroid Function?
title_full_unstemmed Thyroid-Gut-Axis: How Does the Microbiota Influence Thyroid Function?
title_short Thyroid-Gut-Axis: How Does the Microbiota Influence Thyroid Function?
title_sort thyroid-gut-axis: how does the microbiota influence thyroid function?
topic Review
url https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7353203/
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/32545596
http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/nu12061769
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