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Occurrence of Mycotoxins in Winter Rye Varieties Cultivated in Poland (2017–2019)
Rye (Secale cereale L.) is one of the most important cereals and is used in both the food and feed industries. It is produced mainly in a belt extending from Russia through Poland to Germany. Despite the great economic importance of this cereal, there is little research on rye contamination with myc...
Autores principales: | , , , , |
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Formato: | Online Artículo Texto |
Lenguaje: | English |
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MDPI
2020
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Materias: | |
Acceso en línea: | https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7354531/ https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/32604961 http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/toxins12060423 |
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author | Kosicki, Robert Twarużek, Magdalena Dopierała, Paweł Rudzki, Bartosz Grajewski, Jan |
author_facet | Kosicki, Robert Twarużek, Magdalena Dopierała, Paweł Rudzki, Bartosz Grajewski, Jan |
author_sort | Kosicki, Robert |
collection | PubMed |
description | Rye (Secale cereale L.) is one of the most important cereals and is used in both the food and feed industries. It is produced mainly in a belt extending from Russia through Poland to Germany. Despite the great economic importance of this cereal, there is little research on rye contamination with mycotoxins. In this study, the occurrence of Fusarium mycotoxins (deoxynivalenol, nivalenol, 3-acetyl-deoxynivalenol, monoacetoxyscirpenol, diacetoxyscirpenol, T-2 toxin, HT-2 toxin, and zearalenone), as well as ochratoxin A, in 60 winter rye samples of four varieties (KWS Binntto, KWS Serafino, Dańkowskie Granat and Farm Saved Seed) cultivated in three consecutive growing seasons in five different regions of Poland was determined using liquid chromatography with tandem mass spectrometry and fluorescence detection. Deoxynivalenol, T-2 toxin, HT-2 toxin, and zearalenone had the highest occurrence in samples (90%, 63%, 57%, and 45% positive results, respectively). The mean concentrations of these analytes were 28.8 µg/kg (maximum 354.1 µg/kg), 0.98 µg/kg (maximum 6.63 µg/kg), 2.98 µg/kg (maximum 29.8 µg/kg), and 0.69 µg/kg (maximum 10.2 µg/kg), respectively. The mean concentrations for individual mycotoxins were highest in the 2016/2017 growing season. In the 2016/2017 growing season, at least two mycotoxins were detected in 95% of the samples, while in the 2018/2019 growing season, 70% of samples contained one or no mycotoxins. The frequencies of mycotoxin occurrence in different rye varieties were similar. Although a high frequency of mycotoxin occurrence was noted (especially deoxynivalenol), their concentrations were low, and none of the analyzed rye samples exceeded the maximum acceptable mycotoxin level set by the European Commission. |
format | Online Article Text |
id | pubmed-7354531 |
institution | National Center for Biotechnology Information |
language | English |
publishDate | 2020 |
publisher | MDPI |
record_format | MEDLINE/PubMed |
spelling | pubmed-73545312020-08-05 Occurrence of Mycotoxins in Winter Rye Varieties Cultivated in Poland (2017–2019) Kosicki, Robert Twarużek, Magdalena Dopierała, Paweł Rudzki, Bartosz Grajewski, Jan Toxins (Basel) Article Rye (Secale cereale L.) is one of the most important cereals and is used in both the food and feed industries. It is produced mainly in a belt extending from Russia through Poland to Germany. Despite the great economic importance of this cereal, there is little research on rye contamination with mycotoxins. In this study, the occurrence of Fusarium mycotoxins (deoxynivalenol, nivalenol, 3-acetyl-deoxynivalenol, monoacetoxyscirpenol, diacetoxyscirpenol, T-2 toxin, HT-2 toxin, and zearalenone), as well as ochratoxin A, in 60 winter rye samples of four varieties (KWS Binntto, KWS Serafino, Dańkowskie Granat and Farm Saved Seed) cultivated in three consecutive growing seasons in five different regions of Poland was determined using liquid chromatography with tandem mass spectrometry and fluorescence detection. Deoxynivalenol, T-2 toxin, HT-2 toxin, and zearalenone had the highest occurrence in samples (90%, 63%, 57%, and 45% positive results, respectively). The mean concentrations of these analytes were 28.8 µg/kg (maximum 354.1 µg/kg), 0.98 µg/kg (maximum 6.63 µg/kg), 2.98 µg/kg (maximum 29.8 µg/kg), and 0.69 µg/kg (maximum 10.2 µg/kg), respectively. The mean concentrations for individual mycotoxins were highest in the 2016/2017 growing season. In the 2016/2017 growing season, at least two mycotoxins were detected in 95% of the samples, while in the 2018/2019 growing season, 70% of samples contained one or no mycotoxins. The frequencies of mycotoxin occurrence in different rye varieties were similar. Although a high frequency of mycotoxin occurrence was noted (especially deoxynivalenol), their concentrations were low, and none of the analyzed rye samples exceeded the maximum acceptable mycotoxin level set by the European Commission. MDPI 2020-06-26 /pmc/articles/PMC7354531/ /pubmed/32604961 http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/toxins12060423 Text en © 2020 by the authors. Licensee MDPI, Basel, Switzerland. This article is an open access article distributed under the terms and conditions of the Creative Commons Attribution (CC BY) license (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/). |
spellingShingle | Article Kosicki, Robert Twarużek, Magdalena Dopierała, Paweł Rudzki, Bartosz Grajewski, Jan Occurrence of Mycotoxins in Winter Rye Varieties Cultivated in Poland (2017–2019) |
title | Occurrence of Mycotoxins in Winter Rye Varieties Cultivated in Poland (2017–2019) |
title_full | Occurrence of Mycotoxins in Winter Rye Varieties Cultivated in Poland (2017–2019) |
title_fullStr | Occurrence of Mycotoxins in Winter Rye Varieties Cultivated in Poland (2017–2019) |
title_full_unstemmed | Occurrence of Mycotoxins in Winter Rye Varieties Cultivated in Poland (2017–2019) |
title_short | Occurrence of Mycotoxins in Winter Rye Varieties Cultivated in Poland (2017–2019) |
title_sort | occurrence of mycotoxins in winter rye varieties cultivated in poland (2017–2019) |
topic | Article |
url | https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7354531/ https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/32604961 http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/toxins12060423 |
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