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Geranium and Lemon Essential Oils and Their Active Compounds Downregulate Angiotensin-Converting Enzyme 2 (ACE2), a SARS-CoV-2 Spike Receptor-Binding Domain, in Epithelial Cells

Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2), also known as coronavirus disease-2019 (COVID-19), is a pandemic disease that has been declared as modern history’s gravest health emergency worldwide. Until now, no precise treatment modality has been developed. The angiotensin-convertin...

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Autores principales: Senthil Kumar, K. J., Gokila Vani, M., Wang, Chung-Shuan, Chen, Chia-Chi, Chen, Yu-Chien, Lu, Li-Ping, Huang, Ching-Hsiang, Lai, Chien-Sing, Wang, Sheng-Yang
Formato: Online Artículo Texto
Lenguaje:English
Publicado: MDPI 2020
Materias:
Acceso en línea:https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7355681/
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/32575476
http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/plants9060770
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author Senthil Kumar, K. J.
Gokila Vani, M.
Wang, Chung-Shuan
Chen, Chia-Chi
Chen, Yu-Chien
Lu, Li-Ping
Huang, Ching-Hsiang
Lai, Chien-Sing
Wang, Sheng-Yang
author_facet Senthil Kumar, K. J.
Gokila Vani, M.
Wang, Chung-Shuan
Chen, Chia-Chi
Chen, Yu-Chien
Lu, Li-Ping
Huang, Ching-Hsiang
Lai, Chien-Sing
Wang, Sheng-Yang
author_sort Senthil Kumar, K. J.
collection PubMed
description Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2), also known as coronavirus disease-2019 (COVID-19), is a pandemic disease that has been declared as modern history’s gravest health emergency worldwide. Until now, no precise treatment modality has been developed. The angiotensin-converting enzyme 2 (ACE2) receptor, a host cell receptor, has been found to play a crucial role in virus cell entry; therefore, ACE2 blockers can be a potential target for anti-viral intervention. In this study, we evaluated the ACE2 inhibitory effects of 10 essential oils. Among them, geranium and lemon oils displayed significant ACE2 inhibitory effects in epithelial cells. In addition, immunoblotting and qPCR analysis also confirmed that geranium and lemon oils possess potent ACE2 inhibitory effects. Furthermore, the gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC–MS) analysis displayed 22 compounds in geranium oil and 9 compounds in lemon oil. Citronellol, geraniol, and neryl acetate were the major compounds of geranium oil and limonene that represented major compound of lemon oil. Next, we found that treatment with citronellol and limonene significantly downregulated ACE2 expression in epithelial cells. The results suggest that geranium and lemon essential oils and their derivative compounds are valuable natural anti-viral agents that may contribute to the prevention of the invasion of SARS-CoV-2/COVID-19 into the human body.
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spelling pubmed-73556812020-07-23 Geranium and Lemon Essential Oils and Their Active Compounds Downregulate Angiotensin-Converting Enzyme 2 (ACE2), a SARS-CoV-2 Spike Receptor-Binding Domain, in Epithelial Cells Senthil Kumar, K. J. Gokila Vani, M. Wang, Chung-Shuan Chen, Chia-Chi Chen, Yu-Chien Lu, Li-Ping Huang, Ching-Hsiang Lai, Chien-Sing Wang, Sheng-Yang Plants (Basel) Article Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2), also known as coronavirus disease-2019 (COVID-19), is a pandemic disease that has been declared as modern history’s gravest health emergency worldwide. Until now, no precise treatment modality has been developed. The angiotensin-converting enzyme 2 (ACE2) receptor, a host cell receptor, has been found to play a crucial role in virus cell entry; therefore, ACE2 blockers can be a potential target for anti-viral intervention. In this study, we evaluated the ACE2 inhibitory effects of 10 essential oils. Among them, geranium and lemon oils displayed significant ACE2 inhibitory effects in epithelial cells. In addition, immunoblotting and qPCR analysis also confirmed that geranium and lemon oils possess potent ACE2 inhibitory effects. Furthermore, the gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC–MS) analysis displayed 22 compounds in geranium oil and 9 compounds in lemon oil. Citronellol, geraniol, and neryl acetate were the major compounds of geranium oil and limonene that represented major compound of lemon oil. Next, we found that treatment with citronellol and limonene significantly downregulated ACE2 expression in epithelial cells. The results suggest that geranium and lemon essential oils and their derivative compounds are valuable natural anti-viral agents that may contribute to the prevention of the invasion of SARS-CoV-2/COVID-19 into the human body. MDPI 2020-06-19 /pmc/articles/PMC7355681/ /pubmed/32575476 http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/plants9060770 Text en © 2020 by the authors. Licensee MDPI, Basel, Switzerland. This article is an open access article distributed under the terms and conditions of the Creative Commons Attribution (CC BY) license (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/).
spellingShingle Article
Senthil Kumar, K. J.
Gokila Vani, M.
Wang, Chung-Shuan
Chen, Chia-Chi
Chen, Yu-Chien
Lu, Li-Ping
Huang, Ching-Hsiang
Lai, Chien-Sing
Wang, Sheng-Yang
Geranium and Lemon Essential Oils and Their Active Compounds Downregulate Angiotensin-Converting Enzyme 2 (ACE2), a SARS-CoV-2 Spike Receptor-Binding Domain, in Epithelial Cells
title Geranium and Lemon Essential Oils and Their Active Compounds Downregulate Angiotensin-Converting Enzyme 2 (ACE2), a SARS-CoV-2 Spike Receptor-Binding Domain, in Epithelial Cells
title_full Geranium and Lemon Essential Oils and Their Active Compounds Downregulate Angiotensin-Converting Enzyme 2 (ACE2), a SARS-CoV-2 Spike Receptor-Binding Domain, in Epithelial Cells
title_fullStr Geranium and Lemon Essential Oils and Their Active Compounds Downregulate Angiotensin-Converting Enzyme 2 (ACE2), a SARS-CoV-2 Spike Receptor-Binding Domain, in Epithelial Cells
title_full_unstemmed Geranium and Lemon Essential Oils and Their Active Compounds Downregulate Angiotensin-Converting Enzyme 2 (ACE2), a SARS-CoV-2 Spike Receptor-Binding Domain, in Epithelial Cells
title_short Geranium and Lemon Essential Oils and Their Active Compounds Downregulate Angiotensin-Converting Enzyme 2 (ACE2), a SARS-CoV-2 Spike Receptor-Binding Domain, in Epithelial Cells
title_sort geranium and lemon essential oils and their active compounds downregulate angiotensin-converting enzyme 2 (ace2), a sars-cov-2 spike receptor-binding domain, in epithelial cells
topic Article
url https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7355681/
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/32575476
http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/plants9060770
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