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Influence of Sociodemographic, Premorbid, and Injury-Related Factors on Post-Concussion Symptoms after Traumatic Brain Injury
Background: Post-concussion symptoms (PCS) are often reported as consequences of mild and moderate traumatic brain injury (TBI), but these symptoms are not well documented in severe TBI. There is a lack of agreement as to which factors and covariates affect the occurrence, frequency, and intensity o...
Autores principales: | , , , , , , , , , , |
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Formato: | Online Artículo Texto |
Lenguaje: | English |
Publicado: |
MDPI
2020
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Materias: | |
Acceso en línea: | https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7356324/ https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/32575667 http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/jcm9061931 |
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author | Zeldovich, Marina Wu, Yi-Jhen Gorbunova, Anastasia Mikolic, Ana Polinder, Suzanne Plass, Anne Marie Covic, Amra Asendorf, Thomas Andelic, Nada Voormolen, Daphne C. von Steinbüchel, Nicole |
author_facet | Zeldovich, Marina Wu, Yi-Jhen Gorbunova, Anastasia Mikolic, Ana Polinder, Suzanne Plass, Anne Marie Covic, Amra Asendorf, Thomas Andelic, Nada Voormolen, Daphne C. von Steinbüchel, Nicole |
author_sort | Zeldovich, Marina |
collection | PubMed |
description | Background: Post-concussion symptoms (PCS) are often reported as consequences of mild and moderate traumatic brain injury (TBI), but these symptoms are not well documented in severe TBI. There is a lack of agreement as to which factors and covariates affect the occurrence, frequency, and intensity of PCS among TBI severity groups. The present study therefore aims to examine the association between sociodemographic, premorbid, and injury-related factors and PCS. Methods: A total of 1391 individuals (65% male) from the CENTER-TBI study were included in the analyses. The occurrence, frequency (number of PCS), and intensity (severity) of PCS were assessed using the Rivermead Post-concussion Symptoms Questionnaire (RPQ) at six months after TBI. To examine the association between selected factors (age, sex, living situation, employment status, educational background, injury and TBI severity, and premorbid problems) and PCS, a zero-inflated negative binomial model (ZINB) for occurrence and frequency of PCS and a standard negative binomial regression (NB) for intensity were applied. Results: Of the total sample, 72% of individuals after TBI reported suffering from some form of PCS, with fatigue being the most frequent among all TBI severity groups, followed by forgetfulness, and poor concentration. Different factors contributed to the probability of occurrence, frequency, and intensity of PCS. While the occurrence of PCS seemed to be independent of the age and sex of the individuals, both the frequency and intensity of PCS are associated with them. Both injury and TBI severity influence the occurrence and frequency of PCS, but are associated less with its intensity (except “acute” symptoms such as nausea, vomiting, and headaches). Analyses focusing on the mTBI subgroup only yielded results comparable to those of the total sample. Discussion: In line with previous studies, the results support a multifactorial etiology of PCS and show the importance of differentiating between their occurrence, frequency, and intensity to better provide appropriate treatment for individual subgroups with different symptoms (e.g., multiple PCS or more intense PCS). Although PCS often occur in mild to moderate TBI, individuals after severe TBI also suffer from PCS or post-concussion-like symptoms that require appropriate treatment. The chosen statistical approaches (i.e., ZINB and NB models) permit an ameliorated differentiation between outcomes (occurrence, frequency, and intensity of PCS) and should be used more widely in TBI research. |
format | Online Article Text |
id | pubmed-7356324 |
institution | National Center for Biotechnology Information |
language | English |
publishDate | 2020 |
publisher | MDPI |
record_format | MEDLINE/PubMed |
spelling | pubmed-73563242020-07-31 Influence of Sociodemographic, Premorbid, and Injury-Related Factors on Post-Concussion Symptoms after Traumatic Brain Injury Zeldovich, Marina Wu, Yi-Jhen Gorbunova, Anastasia Mikolic, Ana Polinder, Suzanne Plass, Anne Marie Covic, Amra Asendorf, Thomas Andelic, Nada Voormolen, Daphne C. von Steinbüchel, Nicole J Clin Med Article Background: Post-concussion symptoms (PCS) are often reported as consequences of mild and moderate traumatic brain injury (TBI), but these symptoms are not well documented in severe TBI. There is a lack of agreement as to which factors and covariates affect the occurrence, frequency, and intensity of PCS among TBI severity groups. The present study therefore aims to examine the association between sociodemographic, premorbid, and injury-related factors and PCS. Methods: A total of 1391 individuals (65% male) from the CENTER-TBI study were included in the analyses. The occurrence, frequency (number of PCS), and intensity (severity) of PCS were assessed using the Rivermead Post-concussion Symptoms Questionnaire (RPQ) at six months after TBI. To examine the association between selected factors (age, sex, living situation, employment status, educational background, injury and TBI severity, and premorbid problems) and PCS, a zero-inflated negative binomial model (ZINB) for occurrence and frequency of PCS and a standard negative binomial regression (NB) for intensity were applied. Results: Of the total sample, 72% of individuals after TBI reported suffering from some form of PCS, with fatigue being the most frequent among all TBI severity groups, followed by forgetfulness, and poor concentration. Different factors contributed to the probability of occurrence, frequency, and intensity of PCS. While the occurrence of PCS seemed to be independent of the age and sex of the individuals, both the frequency and intensity of PCS are associated with them. Both injury and TBI severity influence the occurrence and frequency of PCS, but are associated less with its intensity (except “acute” symptoms such as nausea, vomiting, and headaches). Analyses focusing on the mTBI subgroup only yielded results comparable to those of the total sample. Discussion: In line with previous studies, the results support a multifactorial etiology of PCS and show the importance of differentiating between their occurrence, frequency, and intensity to better provide appropriate treatment for individual subgroups with different symptoms (e.g., multiple PCS or more intense PCS). Although PCS often occur in mild to moderate TBI, individuals after severe TBI also suffer from PCS or post-concussion-like symptoms that require appropriate treatment. The chosen statistical approaches (i.e., ZINB and NB models) permit an ameliorated differentiation between outcomes (occurrence, frequency, and intensity of PCS) and should be used more widely in TBI research. MDPI 2020-06-19 /pmc/articles/PMC7356324/ /pubmed/32575667 http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/jcm9061931 Text en © 2020 by the authors. Licensee MDPI, Basel, Switzerland. This article is an open access article distributed under the terms and conditions of the Creative Commons Attribution (CC BY) license (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/). |
spellingShingle | Article Zeldovich, Marina Wu, Yi-Jhen Gorbunova, Anastasia Mikolic, Ana Polinder, Suzanne Plass, Anne Marie Covic, Amra Asendorf, Thomas Andelic, Nada Voormolen, Daphne C. von Steinbüchel, Nicole Influence of Sociodemographic, Premorbid, and Injury-Related Factors on Post-Concussion Symptoms after Traumatic Brain Injury |
title | Influence of Sociodemographic, Premorbid, and Injury-Related Factors on Post-Concussion Symptoms after Traumatic Brain Injury |
title_full | Influence of Sociodemographic, Premorbid, and Injury-Related Factors on Post-Concussion Symptoms after Traumatic Brain Injury |
title_fullStr | Influence of Sociodemographic, Premorbid, and Injury-Related Factors on Post-Concussion Symptoms after Traumatic Brain Injury |
title_full_unstemmed | Influence of Sociodemographic, Premorbid, and Injury-Related Factors on Post-Concussion Symptoms after Traumatic Brain Injury |
title_short | Influence of Sociodemographic, Premorbid, and Injury-Related Factors on Post-Concussion Symptoms after Traumatic Brain Injury |
title_sort | influence of sociodemographic, premorbid, and injury-related factors on post-concussion symptoms after traumatic brain injury |
topic | Article |
url | https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7356324/ https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/32575667 http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/jcm9061931 |
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