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Age-Related Olfactory Dysfunction: Epidemiology, Pathophysiology, and Clinical Management
Like other sensory systems, olfactory function deteriorates with age. Epidemiological studies have revealed that the incidence of olfactory dysfunction increases at the age of 60 and older and males are more affected than females. Moreover, smoking, heavy alcohol use, sinonasal diseases, and Down’s...
Autores principales: | , , , , |
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Formato: | Online Artículo Texto |
Lenguaje: | English |
Publicado: |
Frontiers Media S.A.
2020
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Materias: | |
Acceso en línea: | https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7358644/ https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/32733233 http://dx.doi.org/10.3389/fnagi.2020.00208 |
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author | Kondo, Kenji Kikuta, Shu Ueha, Rumi Suzukawa, Keigo Yamasoba, Tatsuya |
author_facet | Kondo, Kenji Kikuta, Shu Ueha, Rumi Suzukawa, Keigo Yamasoba, Tatsuya |
author_sort | Kondo, Kenji |
collection | PubMed |
description | Like other sensory systems, olfactory function deteriorates with age. Epidemiological studies have revealed that the incidence of olfactory dysfunction increases at the age of 60 and older and males are more affected than females. Moreover, smoking, heavy alcohol use, sinonasal diseases, and Down’s syndrome are associated with an increased incidence of olfactory dysfunction. Although the pathophysiology of olfactory dysfunction in humans remains largely unknown, studies in laboratory animals have demonstrated that both the peripheral and central olfactory nervous systems are affected by aging. Aged olfactory neuroepithelium in the nasal cavity shows the loss of mature olfactory neurons, replacement of olfactory neuroepithelium by respiratory epithelium, and a decrease in basal cell proliferation both in the normal state and after injury. In the central olfactory pathway, a decrease in the turnover of interneurons in the olfactory bulb (OB) and reduced activity in the olfactory cortex under olfactory stimulation is observed. Recently, the association between olfactory impairment and neurodegenerative diseases, such as Alzheimer’s disease (AD) and Parkinson’s disease (PD), has gained attention. Evidence-based pharmacotherapy to suppress or improve age-related olfactory dysfunction has not yet been established, but preliminary results suggest that olfactory training using odorants may be useful to improve some aspects of age-related olfactory impairment. |
format | Online Article Text |
id | pubmed-7358644 |
institution | National Center for Biotechnology Information |
language | English |
publishDate | 2020 |
publisher | Frontiers Media S.A. |
record_format | MEDLINE/PubMed |
spelling | pubmed-73586442020-07-29 Age-Related Olfactory Dysfunction: Epidemiology, Pathophysiology, and Clinical Management Kondo, Kenji Kikuta, Shu Ueha, Rumi Suzukawa, Keigo Yamasoba, Tatsuya Front Aging Neurosci Neuroscience Like other sensory systems, olfactory function deteriorates with age. Epidemiological studies have revealed that the incidence of olfactory dysfunction increases at the age of 60 and older and males are more affected than females. Moreover, smoking, heavy alcohol use, sinonasal diseases, and Down’s syndrome are associated with an increased incidence of olfactory dysfunction. Although the pathophysiology of olfactory dysfunction in humans remains largely unknown, studies in laboratory animals have demonstrated that both the peripheral and central olfactory nervous systems are affected by aging. Aged olfactory neuroepithelium in the nasal cavity shows the loss of mature olfactory neurons, replacement of olfactory neuroepithelium by respiratory epithelium, and a decrease in basal cell proliferation both in the normal state and after injury. In the central olfactory pathway, a decrease in the turnover of interneurons in the olfactory bulb (OB) and reduced activity in the olfactory cortex under olfactory stimulation is observed. Recently, the association between olfactory impairment and neurodegenerative diseases, such as Alzheimer’s disease (AD) and Parkinson’s disease (PD), has gained attention. Evidence-based pharmacotherapy to suppress or improve age-related olfactory dysfunction has not yet been established, but preliminary results suggest that olfactory training using odorants may be useful to improve some aspects of age-related olfactory impairment. Frontiers Media S.A. 2020-07-07 /pmc/articles/PMC7358644/ /pubmed/32733233 http://dx.doi.org/10.3389/fnagi.2020.00208 Text en Copyright © 2020 Kondo, Kikuta, Ueha, Suzukawa and Yamasoba. http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/ This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (CC BY). The use, distribution or reproduction in other forums is permitted, provided the original author(s) and the copyright owner(s) are credited and that the original publication in this journal is cited, in accordance with accepted academic practice. No use, distribution or reproduction is permitted which does not comply with these terms. |
spellingShingle | Neuroscience Kondo, Kenji Kikuta, Shu Ueha, Rumi Suzukawa, Keigo Yamasoba, Tatsuya Age-Related Olfactory Dysfunction: Epidemiology, Pathophysiology, and Clinical Management |
title | Age-Related Olfactory Dysfunction: Epidemiology, Pathophysiology, and Clinical Management |
title_full | Age-Related Olfactory Dysfunction: Epidemiology, Pathophysiology, and Clinical Management |
title_fullStr | Age-Related Olfactory Dysfunction: Epidemiology, Pathophysiology, and Clinical Management |
title_full_unstemmed | Age-Related Olfactory Dysfunction: Epidemiology, Pathophysiology, and Clinical Management |
title_short | Age-Related Olfactory Dysfunction: Epidemiology, Pathophysiology, and Clinical Management |
title_sort | age-related olfactory dysfunction: epidemiology, pathophysiology, and clinical management |
topic | Neuroscience |
url | https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7358644/ https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/32733233 http://dx.doi.org/10.3389/fnagi.2020.00208 |
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