Epidemiology, species distribution, and predictive factors for mortality of candidemia in adult surgical patients

BACKGROUND: We evaluated the epidemiology, clinical characteristics, microbiology, outcomes, and risk factors for mortality of candidemia in adult surgical patients in Shenyang from 2012 to 2018. METHODS: We designed a retrospective observational study of adult patients with candidemia in a teaching hospital including three hospital campuses. Data regarding clinical and demographic characteristics were collected from the patient’s medical records. RESULTS: Of the 236 cases of candidemia, 172 (72.9%) were identified in surgical patients, including 146 (84.9%) general surgeries, 11 (6.4%) urologic surgeries, 6 (3.5%) thoracic surgeries, and others. Higher proportions of solid tumors, total parenteral nutrition, the presence of a urinary catheter, and the presence of a gastric tube were observed in surgical patients with candidemia versus non-surgical ones, whereas the percentages of hematological malignancy, diabetes mellitus, and renal replacement therapy were relatively lower in surgical patients. Renal failure, leukopenia, and thrombocytopenia were less common laboratory findings in surgical patients with candidemia than compared to non-surgical ones. Among surgical patients with candidemia, Candida parapsilosis was the predominant species (43%), followed by C. albicans (33.7%), C. glabrata (11%), C. tropicalis (8.1%), and others (4.1%). Overall susceptibility, susceptible dose dependent or intermediate susceptibility, and resistance to fluconazole were detected in 73.3, 19.8, and 3.5% Candida isolates from surgical patients, respectively, but no resistance to amphotericin B was observed. Overall, the 30-day mortality in surgical patients was 19.2%. At multivariable analysis, independent risk factors for death in surgical patients with candidemia were ICU stay, thrombocytopenia, and C. albicans infection. CONCLUSIONS: Surgical patients account for the majority of candidemia cases. Among patients with recent surgery, risk factors for species distribution, antifungal sensitivity patterns of Candida isolates causing candidemia, and independent risk factors for mortality should be evaluated and considered for a better outcome in the antifungal treatment.