Enhanced Catalytic Dye Decolorization by Microencapsulation of Laccase from P. Sanguineus CS43 in Natural and Synthetic Polymers

Polymeric microcapsules with the fungal laccase from Pycnoporus sanguineus CS43 may represent an attractive avenue for the removal or degradation of dyes from wastewaters. Microcapsules of alginate/chitosan (9.23 ± 0.12 µm) and poly(styrenesulfonate) (PSS) (9.25 ± 0.35 µm) were synthesized and subsequently tested for catalytic activity in the decolorization of the diazo dye Congo Red. Successful encapsulation into the materials was verified via confocal microscopy of labeled enzyme molecules. Laccase activity was measured as a function of time and the initial reaction rates were recovered for each preparation, showing up to sevenfold increase with respect to free laccase. The ability of substrates to diffuse through the pores of the microcapsules was evaluated with the aid of fluorescent dyes and confocal microscopy. pH and thermal stability were also measured for encapsulates, showing catalytic activity for pH values as low as 4 and temperatures of about 80 °C. Scanning electron microscope (SEM) analyses demonstrated the ability of PSS capsules to avoid accumulation of byproducts and, therefore, superior catalytic performance. This was corroborated by the direct observation of substrates diffusing in and out of the materials. Compared with our PSS preparation, alginate/chitosan microcapsules studied by others degrade 2.6 times more dye, albeit with a 135-fold increase in units of enzyme per mg of dye. Similarly, poly(vinyl) alcohol microcapsules from degrade 1.7 times more dye, despite an eightfold increase in units of enzyme per mg of dye. This could be potentially beneficial from the economic viewpoint as a significantly lower amount of enzyme might be needed for the same decolorization level achieved with similar encapsulated systems.