Future of renewable energy consumption in France, Germany, Italy, Spain, Turkey and UK by 2030 using optimized fractional nonlinear grey Bernoulli model

In this study, gross final energy consumption (GFEC), energy consumption of renewable energy sources (RES) and its share in France, Germany, Italy, Spain, Turkey and the United Kingdom (UK) are forecasted by 2030. A novel model is proposed in this study which is called optimized fractional nonlinear grey Bernoulli model, briefly as OFANGBM(1,1). In this model, three parameters, which are background value λ, power index value γ and fractional order value r, are optimized by genetic algorithm (GA) method. Results of OFANGBM(1,1) show that GFEC in France, Germany, Italy, Spain, Turkey and UK will reach to 151.7 Mtoe, 227.6 Mtoe, 110.8 Mtoe, 84.5 Mtoe, 173.4 Mtoe and 132.2 Mtoe, respectively, in 2030. Additionally, energy consumption from RES in France, Germany, Italy, Spain, Turkey and UK is forecasted as 28.5 Mtoe, 53.8 Mtoe, 22.2 Mtoe, 23.2 Mtoe, 26.1 Mtoe and 39.3 Mtoe, respectively, for the year 2030. Results of this study are compared with the national target of these countries on the share of RES in GFEC. Moreover, it is estimated that RES can satisfy 18.8%, 23.6%, 20.0%, 27.5%, 15.1% and 29.7% of GFEC in France, Germany, Italy, Spain, Turkey and UK in 2030, respectively.