Vasoactive Intestinal Polypeptide in the Carotid Body—A History of Forty Years of Research. A Mini Review

Vasoactive intestinal polypeptide (VIP) consists of 28 amino acid residues and is widespread in many internal organs and systems. Its presence has also been found in the nervous structures supplying the carotid body not only in mammals but also in birds and amphibians. The number and distribution of VIP in the carotid body clearly depends on the animal species studied; however, among all the species, this neuropeptide is present in nerve fibers around blood vessels and between glomus cell clusters. It is also known that the number of nerves containing VIP located in the carotid body may change under various pathological and physiological factors. The knowledge concerning the functioning of VIP in the carotid body is relatively limited. It is known that VIP may impact the glomus type I cells, causing changes in their spontaneous discharge, but the main impact of VIP on the carotid body is probably connected with the vasodilatory effects of this peptide and its influence on blood flow and oxygen delivery. This review is a concise summary of forty years of research concerning the distribution of VIP in the carotid body.