Major 5′terminally deleted enterovirus populations modulate type I IFN response in acute myocarditis patients and in human cultured cardiomyocytes

Major 5′terminally deleted (5′TD) group-B enterovirus (EV-B) populations were identified in heart biopsies of patients with fulminant myocarditis or dilated cardiomyopathy suggesting that these 5′TD forms are key drivers of host-cell interaction in EV cardiac infections. To date, early emergence of EV-B 5′TD forms and its impact on type 1 IFN response during acute myocarditis remains unknown. Using quantitative RACE-PCR assay, we identified major EV-B 5′TD RNA populations in plasma or heart samples of acute myocarditis cases. Deletions identified within the 5′ non-coding region of EV-B populations only affected secondary-structural elements of genomic RNA domain I and were distinguished in two major groups based on the extent of RNA structural deletions. Proportions of these two respective EV-B 5′TD population groups were positively or negatively correlated with IFN-β levels in plasma samples of myocarditis patients. Transfection of synthetic CVB3/28 RNAs harboring various 5′terminal full-length or deleted sequences into human cultured cardiomyocytes demonstrated that viral genomic RNA domain I possessed essential immunomodulatory secondary-structural elements responsible for IFN-β pathway induction. Overall, our results highlight the early emergence of major EVB-TD populations which deletions affecting secondary–structures of RNA domain I can modulate innate immune sensing mechanisms in cardiomyocytes of patients with acute myocarditis.