Non-negligible impacts of clean air regulations on the reduction of tropospheric NO(2) over East China during the COVID-19 pandemic observed by OMI and TROPOMI

We study the variation of tropospheric NO(2) vertical column densities (TropNO(2)VCDs) over East China during the 2005–2020 lunar new year (LNY) holiday seasons to understand factors on the reduction of tropospheric NO(2) during the outbreak of COVID-19 in East China using Ozone Monitoring Instrument (OMI) and TROPOspheric Monitoring Instrument (TROPOMI) observations. TropNO(2)VCDs from OMI and TROPOMI reveal sharp reductions of 33%–72% during 2020 LNY holiday season and the co-occurring outbreak of COVID-19 relative to the climatological mean of 2005–2019 LNY holiday seasons, and 22%–67% reduction relative to the 2019 LNY holiday season. These reductions of TropNO(2)VCD occur majorly over highly polluted metropolitan areas with condensed industrial and transportation emission sources. COVID-19 control measures including lockdowns and shelter-in-place regulations are the primary reason for these tropospheric NO(2) reductions over most areas of East China in 2020 LNY holiday season relative to the 2019 LNY holiday season, as COVID-19 control measures may explain ~87%–90% of tropospheric NO(2) reduction in Wuhan as well as ~62%–89% in Beijing, Yangtze River Delta (YRD) and Sichuan Basin areas. The clean air regulation of China also contributes significantly to reductions of tropospheric NO(2) simultaneously and is the primary factor in the Pearl River Delta (PRD) area, by explaining ~56%–63% of the tropospheric NO(2) reduction there.