Lymphocyte subsets with the lowest decline at baseline and the slow lowest rise during recovery in COVID-19 critical illness patients with diabetes mellitus

BACKGROUND: Host dysregulation of immune response was highly involved in the pathological process of Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19), especially COVID-19 severe cases with DM. AIM: In this study we aimed at the dynamic change of peripheral lymphocyte and subsets during COVID-19 covery. METHODS: The peripheral lymphocyte and subsets of 95 confirmed cases with COVID-19 from baseline to four weeks were compared between critical illness and non-critical illness cases with or without DM. RESULTS: The dynamic characteristics of lymphocyte and subsets in COVID-19 patients was that it reduced significantly at one week, rapidly elevated to the peak at two weeks after onset, then gradually declined during recovery. The COVID-19 critical illness patients with DM had the lowest decline at one week and the slow lowest rise at two weeks after onset, while COVID-19 non-critical illness patients with DM had the rapid highest rise at two weeks after onset, both of them had similar lymphocyte and subsets at five weeks after onset and lower than those patients without DM. CONCLUSIONS: These findings provide a reference for clinicians that for COVID-19 patients with DM and the lowest decline of lymphocyte and subsets, immunomodulatory therapy as soon as possible might avoid or slow down disease progression; moreover for COVID-19 critical illness patients with or without DM and non-critical illness patients with DM, continuous immunomodulatory therapy in later stages of disease might speed up virus clearance, shorten hospital stay, improve disease prognosis in COVID-19 critical illness patients with DM.