Age-related changes in the gross anatomy of the reproductive organs, and associated steroid hormone profiles in male and female guinea fowls (Numida meleagris)

Owing to the paucity of information on the reproductive biology of guinea fowls, a study involving a total of 132 birds was conducted, and this documented the developmental changes in the gross anatomy of the reproductive organs of males and females from hatching until 32 weeks of age (WOA), and associated steroid hormone changes. Testicular anatomical biometric traits increased significantly (p < 0.0001) from 8 WOA, and stabilised between 16 and 20 WOA, while peripheral testosterone concentration peaked at 20 WOA. Correlations among all testicular biometric characteristics were strong and positive (p < 0.0001). Similarly peripheral testosterone concentrations strongly (p < 0.01) and positively correlated with all the testicular anatomical biometric traits. In the female guinea fowl, the ovary and oviduct were discernible and measurable at hatching. Significant (p < 0.0001) increases were seen in ovarian and relative ovarian weights, and oviducal weights and lengths between 24 and 28 WOA. Plasma 17β-oestradiol decreased gradually to a very minimum at 16 WOA, and then began to increase gradually until 28 WOA when it plateaued. Peripheral progesterone concentrations on the other hand increased gradually from 4 WOA and peaked at 12 WOA, and then fluctuated considerably thereafter. Correlations among ovarian/oviducal anatomical parameters were strong (p < 0.0001) and positive. Similarly, peripheral oestradiol concentrations strongly (p < 0.0001) and positively correlated with all ovarian/oviducal anatomical parameters. Testicular anatomical biometric traits stabilised between 16 and 20 WOA, coinciding with peak peripheral testosterone concentrations, while ovarian/oviducal parameters recorded huge increases between 24 and 28 WOA, and may be under the influence of oestradiol.