Birth prevalence of congenital heart disease in China, 1980–2019: a systematic review and meta-analysis of 617 studies

To assess the birth prevalence and spatial distribution of congenital heart disease (CHD) in China by conducting a complete overview and using spatial epidemiological methods. Unrestricted searches were conducted on seven electronic databases, with an end-date parameter of May 2019. Data on the birth prevalence of CHD and its subtypes were collected and combined using either the random-effect model or fixed-effect model. Subgroup sensitivity analyses were performed to explore potential heterogeneity moderators. The three-dimensional trend analysis and a visualization of CHD birth prevalence among different provinces were performed to describe the spatial distribution characteristics. Total 617 studies involving 76,961,354 births and 201,934 CHD individuals were included. Overall, total CHD birth prevalence increased continuously over time, from 0.201‰ in 1980–1984 to 4.905‰ in 2015–2019. The study on the high-income provinces, population-based monitoring model, male births, and urban regions reported a significantly higher prevalence of total CHD compared with upper-middle-income provinces, hospital-based monitoring model, female births, and rural regions, respectively. National CHD birth prevalence increased gradually from western region to eastern region, but decreased gradually from southern to northern region. Relevant heterogeneity moderators including gender, geographic region, income levels, and monitoring models have been identified by subgroup analyses. Sensitivity analysis yielded consistent results. Total CHD birth prevalence in China increases continuously in the past 40 years. Significant differences in gender, geographical regions, income levels, and monitoring models were found. In the future, population wide prospective birth defect registries covering the entire Chinese population need to determine the exact birth prevalence. ELECTRONIC SUPPLEMENTARY MATERIAL: The online version of this article (10.1007/s10654-020-00653-0) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.