A citizen science approach estimating titanium dioxide released from personal care products

Titanium dioxide (TiO(2)) is a common component in personal care products (PCP), which through use enters the wastewater treatment plant (WWTP) and ultimately the environment. A citizen science approach is utilized here to inform the prevalence and usage of TiO(2) containing PCP on a household scale, which generates information as to the quantity of TiO(2) entering the WWTP, and the portion ultimately discharged to the environment. Meanwhile, citizen science sourced inventories were generated to estimate the quantity of TiO(2), and potentially nanoscale TiO(2) entering the WWTP from consumer products and to determine which products had the greatest contribution. The estimated values were compared with water samples from the WWTP which quantified the amount of total titanium present using ICP-AES. These values were at a similar level with other top-down estimation approaches and suggest that a citizen science approach is valid to estimate the loading of TiO(2), and potentially other emerging contaminants, while at the same time engaging with community stakeholders.