Ideal spectral emissivity for radiative cooling of earthbound objects

We investigate the fundamental limit of radiative cooling of objects on the Earth's surfaces under general conditions including nonradiative heat transfer. We deduce the lowest steady-state temperature attainable and highest net radiative cooling power density available as a function of temperature. We present the exact spectral emissivity that can reach such limiting values, and show that the previously used 8–13 μm atmospheric window is highly inappropriate in low-temperature cases. The critical need for materials with simultaneously optimized optical and thermal properties is also identified. These results provide a reference against which radiative coolers can be benchmarked.