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The Adenosine System at the Crossroads of Intestinal Inflammation and Neoplasia
Adenosine is a purine nucleoside, resulting from the degradation of adenosine triphosphate (ATP). Under adverse conditions, including hypoxia, ischemia, inflammation, or cancer, the extracellular levels of adenosine increase significantly. Once released, adenosine activates cellular signaling pathwa...
Autores principales: | , , , , , |
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Formato: | Online Artículo Texto |
Lenguaje: | English |
Publicado: |
MDPI
2020
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Materias: | |
Acceso en línea: | https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7403993/ https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/32708507 http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijms21145089 |
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author | D’Antongiovanni, Vanessa Fornai, Matteo Pellegrini, Carolina Benvenuti, Laura Blandizzi, Corrado Antonioli, Luca |
author_facet | D’Antongiovanni, Vanessa Fornai, Matteo Pellegrini, Carolina Benvenuti, Laura Blandizzi, Corrado Antonioli, Luca |
author_sort | D’Antongiovanni, Vanessa |
collection | PubMed |
description | Adenosine is a purine nucleoside, resulting from the degradation of adenosine triphosphate (ATP). Under adverse conditions, including hypoxia, ischemia, inflammation, or cancer, the extracellular levels of adenosine increase significantly. Once released, adenosine activates cellular signaling pathways through the engagement of the four known G-protein-coupled receptors, adenosine A(1) receptor subtype (A(1)), A(2A), A(2B), and A(3). These receptors, expressed virtually on all immune cells, mitigate all aspects of immune/inflammatory responses. These immunosuppressive effects contribute to blunt the exuberant inflammatory responses, shielding cells, and tissues from an excessive immune response and immune-mediated damage. However, a prolonged persistence of increased adenosine concentrations can be deleterious, participating in the creation of an immunosuppressed niche, ideal for neoplasia onset and development. Based on this evidence, the present review has been conceived to provide a comprehensive and critical overview of the involvement of adenosine system in shaping the molecular mechanisms underlying the enteric chronic inflammation and in promoting the generation of an immunosuppressive niche useful for the colorectal tumorigenesis. |
format | Online Article Text |
id | pubmed-7403993 |
institution | National Center for Biotechnology Information |
language | English |
publishDate | 2020 |
publisher | MDPI |
record_format | MEDLINE/PubMed |
spelling | pubmed-74039932020-08-11 The Adenosine System at the Crossroads of Intestinal Inflammation and Neoplasia D’Antongiovanni, Vanessa Fornai, Matteo Pellegrini, Carolina Benvenuti, Laura Blandizzi, Corrado Antonioli, Luca Int J Mol Sci Review Adenosine is a purine nucleoside, resulting from the degradation of adenosine triphosphate (ATP). Under adverse conditions, including hypoxia, ischemia, inflammation, or cancer, the extracellular levels of adenosine increase significantly. Once released, adenosine activates cellular signaling pathways through the engagement of the four known G-protein-coupled receptors, adenosine A(1) receptor subtype (A(1)), A(2A), A(2B), and A(3). These receptors, expressed virtually on all immune cells, mitigate all aspects of immune/inflammatory responses. These immunosuppressive effects contribute to blunt the exuberant inflammatory responses, shielding cells, and tissues from an excessive immune response and immune-mediated damage. However, a prolonged persistence of increased adenosine concentrations can be deleterious, participating in the creation of an immunosuppressed niche, ideal for neoplasia onset and development. Based on this evidence, the present review has been conceived to provide a comprehensive and critical overview of the involvement of adenosine system in shaping the molecular mechanisms underlying the enteric chronic inflammation and in promoting the generation of an immunosuppressive niche useful for the colorectal tumorigenesis. MDPI 2020-07-18 /pmc/articles/PMC7403993/ /pubmed/32708507 http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijms21145089 Text en © 2020 by the authors. Licensee MDPI, Basel, Switzerland. This article is an open access article distributed under the terms and conditions of the Creative Commons Attribution (CC BY) license (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/). |
spellingShingle | Review D’Antongiovanni, Vanessa Fornai, Matteo Pellegrini, Carolina Benvenuti, Laura Blandizzi, Corrado Antonioli, Luca The Adenosine System at the Crossroads of Intestinal Inflammation and Neoplasia |
title | The Adenosine System at the Crossroads of Intestinal Inflammation and Neoplasia |
title_full | The Adenosine System at the Crossroads of Intestinal Inflammation and Neoplasia |
title_fullStr | The Adenosine System at the Crossroads of Intestinal Inflammation and Neoplasia |
title_full_unstemmed | The Adenosine System at the Crossroads of Intestinal Inflammation and Neoplasia |
title_short | The Adenosine System at the Crossroads of Intestinal Inflammation and Neoplasia |
title_sort | adenosine system at the crossroads of intestinal inflammation and neoplasia |
topic | Review |
url | https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7403993/ https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/32708507 http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijms21145089 |
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