Cyan Ni(1–x)Al(2+2x/3)□(x/3)O(4) Single-Phase Pigment Synthesis and Modification for Electrophoretic Ink Formulation

[Image: see text] Cyan Ni(1–x)Al(2+2x/3)O(4) single-phase pigments with various Ni/Al atomic ratios (from 1:2 down to 1:4) have been prepared by a sol–gel route (Pechini) followed by postannealing treatments. Nickel aluminates crystallize in the well-known spinel structure (Fd3m space group), where metals are located at two different Wyckoff positions: 16d (octahedron) and 8a (tetrahedron). Based on X-ray diffraction (XRD) Rietveld refinements, Ni(2+) cations are shown to be partially located in both tetrahedral and octahedral sites and, in addition, cationic vacancies occupy the Oh environment. In the pure-phase series, Ni/Al = 0.35, 0.40, 0.45, as the Al content increases, the Ni(2+) rate in the Td site decreases for Ni/Al = 0.45, thus altering the cyan color; within this series, the most saturated cyan coloration is reached for the highest Al concentration. Inorganic pigment drawbacks are their high density and hydrophilic surface, which induce sedimentation and aggregation in nonpolar media used in electrophoretic inks. Hybrid core–shell particle pigments have been synthesized from cyan pigments using nitroxide-mediated radical polymerization (NMRP) with methyl methacrylate monomer in Isopar G, leading to a dispersion of electrically charged hybrids in apolar media. Surface functionalization of the pigments by n-octyltrimethoxysilane (OTS) and n-dodecyltrimethoxysilane (DTS) modifiers has been compared. The inorganic pigments are successfully encapsulated by organic shells to allow a strong decrease in their density. Cyan inks, adequate for their use in e-book readers or other electrophoretic displays, taking further advantage of the high contrast ratio and reflectivity of inorganic pigments in regard to organic dyes, have been stabilized.