Interplay between Cellular and Molecular Mechanisms Underlying Inflammatory Bowel Diseases Development—A Focus on Ulcerative Colitis

Inflammatory bowel diseases (IBD) are defined by the continuous inflammation of the gastrointestinal tract. During inflammation, the number of pathogens in the intestinal epithelium increases, leading to inflammasome assembly. Inflammasome activation is meant to protect the intestinal epithelial barrier from further damage by maintaining homeostasis. Although its purpose is to protect the cells, excessive nucleotide-binding oligomerization domain-like receptor and pyrin domain-containing protein 3 (NLRP3) inflammasome assembly is responsible for the synthesis of a high number of pro-inflammatory cytokines. The activation of two crucial pathways, autophagy process, and unfolded protein response, is initiated for restoring homeostasis. Aberrant expression of miRNAs and lncRNAs also interfere with the pathogenic mechanisms of IBD, as these non-coding transcripts play key roles in regulation of biological processes, such as inflammation and immunity. This review thoroughly describes the cellular and molecular mechanism that trigger and perpetuate inflammation in ulcerative colitis (UC) patients.