Haplotype Diversity of NADPH-Cytochrome P450 Reductase Gene of Ophiocordyceps sinensis and the Effect on Fungal Infection in Host Insects

Ophiocordyceps sinensis Berk. is a fungal parasite that parasitizes the larvae of Hepialidae and is used as a traditional Chinese medicine. However, it is not clear how O. sinensis infects its host. The encoding gene haplotype diversity and predicted function of the nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate (NADPH)-cytochrome P450 reductase (CPR) related to the fungal pathogenicity was analyzed for 219 individuals from 47 O. sinensis populations. Two NADPH CPR genes of O. sinensis were detected and their dominant haplotypes were widely distributed throughout the entire distribution range in Western China. Only 5.43% of all O. sinensis individuals possessed the specific private haplotypes of NADPH CPR-1 and CPR-2 genes. Bioinformatic analyses predicted that the phosphorylation sites, motifs, and domains of NADPH CPR of O. sinensis were different between those encoding by the dominant and private gene haplotypes. The one-to-one match fungus–host correspondence of the same individual suggested that the widely distributed O. sinensis with the dominant NADPH CPR gene haplotypes may strongly infect almost all host insects through a random infection by oral or respiratory pores. Conversely, O. sinensis with the specific private NADPH CPR gene haplotypes is likely to infect only a few corresponding host insects by breaching the cuticle, due to the changed NADPH CPR structure and function.