Poly(Acrylic Acid)-Modified MoS(2) Nanoparticle-Based Transdermal Delivery of Atenolol

INTRODUCTION: Hypertension is a major health problem worldwide and is typically treated using oral drugs. However, the frequency of oral administration may result in poor patient compliance, and reduced bioavailability owing to the first-pass effect can also prove problematic. METHODS: In this study, we developed a new transdermal-drug-delivery system (TDDS) for the treatment of hypertension using atenolol (ATE) based on poly(acrylic acid) (PAA)-decorated three-dimensional (3D) flower-like MoS(2 )nanoparticles (PAA-MoS(2) NPs) that respond to NIR laser irradiation. The PAA-modified MoS(2) NPs were synthesized and characterized using attenuated total reflection Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy, X-ray diffraction measurements, scanning electron microscopy, transmission electron microscopy, dynamic light scattering, and the sedimentation equilibrium method. The drug-loading efficiency and photothermal conversion effect were also explored. RESULTS: The results showed that the colloidally stable PAA-MoS(2) NPs exhibited a high drug-loading capacity of 54.99% and high photothermal conversion ability. Further, the capacity of the PAA-MoS(2) NPs for controlled release was explored using in vitro drug-release and skin-penetration studies. The drug-release percentage was 44.72 ± 1.04%, and skin penetration was enhanced by a factor of 1.85 in the laser-stimulated group. Sustained and controlled release by the developed TDDS were observed with laser stimulation. Moreover, in vivo erythema index analysis verified that the PAA-MoS(2) NPs did not cause skin irritation. DISCUSSION: Our findings demonstrate that PAA-MoS(2) NPs can be used as a new carrier for transdermal drug delivery for the first time.