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Antimicrobial Resistance of Staphylococcus aureus Isolated from Hospital Wastewater in Kermanshah, Iran

INTRODUCTION: Hospital wastewater contains highly resistant and virulent bacteria that can spread into the environment. This study was conducted to investigate the antimicrobial resistance of methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) and methicillin-sensitive S. aureus (MSSA) in raw and tre...

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Autores principales: Akya, Alisha, Chegenelorestani, Roya, Shahvaisi-Zadeh, Jila, Bozorgomid, Arezoo
Formato: Online Artículo Texto
Lenguaje:English
Publicado: Dove 2020
Materias:
Acceso en línea:https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7415457/
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/32801976
http://dx.doi.org/10.2147/RMHP.S261311
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author Akya, Alisha
Chegenelorestani, Roya
Shahvaisi-Zadeh, Jila
Bozorgomid, Arezoo
author_facet Akya, Alisha
Chegenelorestani, Roya
Shahvaisi-Zadeh, Jila
Bozorgomid, Arezoo
author_sort Akya, Alisha
collection PubMed
description INTRODUCTION: Hospital wastewater contains highly resistant and virulent bacteria that can spread into the environment. This study was conducted to investigate the antimicrobial resistance of methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) and methicillin-sensitive S. aureus (MSSA) in raw and treated hospital wastewater. METHODS: During a three-month period, 40 sewage samples were collected from the hospital sewage (Kermanshah, Iran), and S. aureus were identified using culture and biochemical tests. MRSA was detected by resistance to cefoxitin. Antibiotic resistance (AR) was determined using disk diffusion according to the Clinical and Laboratory Standards Institute (CLSI) in 20 MSSA (10 raw and 10 treated sewage) and 40 MRSA isolates (20 raw and 20 treated sewage). The antimicrobial resistance genes (ARGs) were determined by PCR. RESULTS: Eleven and eight percent of the isolates were MRSA in raw and treated sewage samples, respectively. Out of 60 isolates, 59 (98%) were multidrug resistant (MDR). The most common ARGs were mecA (raw=100%, treated=100%), aacA-D (raw=100%, treated=85%) and tetK (raw =95%, treated =45%) in MRSA, while the tetM gene was the most abundant gene (raw=50%, treated=80%) in MSSA. None of isolates (n=60) was positive for the vanB gene. MSSR (n=20) had the highest level of resistance against penicillin (100%), clindamycin (raw=90%, treated=90%), azithromycin (raw=80%, treated=90%). All MRSA isolates (n=40,100%) in both raw and treated sewage samples were non-susceptible to penicillin, oxacillin and azithromycin. There was no significant difference in the frequency AR and ARGs between raw and treated sewage samples (p>0.05). CONCLUSION: The results indicated a high frequency of MDR and ARGs in both raw and treated sewage isolates which could be released into the environment through sewage system and pose a serious threat to public health. Hospital wastewater treatment processes should be improved in order to prevent the dissemination of the most resistant strains of S. aureus.
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spelling pubmed-74154572020-08-14 Antimicrobial Resistance of Staphylococcus aureus Isolated from Hospital Wastewater in Kermanshah, Iran Akya, Alisha Chegenelorestani, Roya Shahvaisi-Zadeh, Jila Bozorgomid, Arezoo Risk Manag Healthc Policy Original Research INTRODUCTION: Hospital wastewater contains highly resistant and virulent bacteria that can spread into the environment. This study was conducted to investigate the antimicrobial resistance of methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) and methicillin-sensitive S. aureus (MSSA) in raw and treated hospital wastewater. METHODS: During a three-month period, 40 sewage samples were collected from the hospital sewage (Kermanshah, Iran), and S. aureus were identified using culture and biochemical tests. MRSA was detected by resistance to cefoxitin. Antibiotic resistance (AR) was determined using disk diffusion according to the Clinical and Laboratory Standards Institute (CLSI) in 20 MSSA (10 raw and 10 treated sewage) and 40 MRSA isolates (20 raw and 20 treated sewage). The antimicrobial resistance genes (ARGs) were determined by PCR. RESULTS: Eleven and eight percent of the isolates were MRSA in raw and treated sewage samples, respectively. Out of 60 isolates, 59 (98%) were multidrug resistant (MDR). The most common ARGs were mecA (raw=100%, treated=100%), aacA-D (raw=100%, treated=85%) and tetK (raw =95%, treated =45%) in MRSA, while the tetM gene was the most abundant gene (raw=50%, treated=80%) in MSSA. None of isolates (n=60) was positive for the vanB gene. MSSR (n=20) had the highest level of resistance against penicillin (100%), clindamycin (raw=90%, treated=90%), azithromycin (raw=80%, treated=90%). All MRSA isolates (n=40,100%) in both raw and treated sewage samples were non-susceptible to penicillin, oxacillin and azithromycin. There was no significant difference in the frequency AR and ARGs between raw and treated sewage samples (p>0.05). CONCLUSION: The results indicated a high frequency of MDR and ARGs in both raw and treated sewage isolates which could be released into the environment through sewage system and pose a serious threat to public health. Hospital wastewater treatment processes should be improved in order to prevent the dissemination of the most resistant strains of S. aureus. Dove 2020-08-05 /pmc/articles/PMC7415457/ /pubmed/32801976 http://dx.doi.org/10.2147/RMHP.S261311 Text en © 2020 Akya et al. http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/3.0/ This work is published and licensed by Dove Medical Press Limited. The full terms of this license are available at https://www.dovepress.com/terms.php and incorporate the Creative Commons Attribution – Non Commercial (unported, v3.0) License (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/3.0/). By accessing the work you hereby accept the Terms. Non-commercial uses of the work are permitted without any further permission from Dove Medical Press Limited, provided the work is properly attributed. For permission for commercial use of this work, please see paragraphs 4.2 and 5 of our Terms (https://www.dovepress.com/terms.php).
spellingShingle Original Research
Akya, Alisha
Chegenelorestani, Roya
Shahvaisi-Zadeh, Jila
Bozorgomid, Arezoo
Antimicrobial Resistance of Staphylococcus aureus Isolated from Hospital Wastewater in Kermanshah, Iran
title Antimicrobial Resistance of Staphylococcus aureus Isolated from Hospital Wastewater in Kermanshah, Iran
title_full Antimicrobial Resistance of Staphylococcus aureus Isolated from Hospital Wastewater in Kermanshah, Iran
title_fullStr Antimicrobial Resistance of Staphylococcus aureus Isolated from Hospital Wastewater in Kermanshah, Iran
title_full_unstemmed Antimicrobial Resistance of Staphylococcus aureus Isolated from Hospital Wastewater in Kermanshah, Iran
title_short Antimicrobial Resistance of Staphylococcus aureus Isolated from Hospital Wastewater in Kermanshah, Iran
title_sort antimicrobial resistance of staphylococcus aureus isolated from hospital wastewater in kermanshah, iran
topic Original Research
url https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7415457/
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/32801976
http://dx.doi.org/10.2147/RMHP.S261311
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