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Copper and zinc generated by the Aquascape IonGen pond clarifier system can be detrimental to koi (Cyprinus carpio) health

BACKGROUND: Copper is frequently used as an algicide, and copper ion generators such as the Aquascape IonGen claim to be safe for use in systems containing fish. In 2012, a die-off of koi (Cyprinus carpio) in a pond in Raleigh, North Carolina, occurred after the IonGen was added to the system. METHO...

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Autores principales: Tucker, Emily, Gerlach, Jamie, Curtean, Azais, Passingham, Kent, Murphy, Lisa, Lewbart, Gregory
Formato: Online Artículo Texto
Lenguaje:English
Publicado: BMJ Publishing Group 2020
Materias:
Acceso en línea:https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7422649/
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/32821396
http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/vetreco-2020-000396
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author Tucker, Emily
Gerlach, Jamie
Curtean, Azais
Passingham, Kent
Murphy, Lisa
Lewbart, Gregory
author_facet Tucker, Emily
Gerlach, Jamie
Curtean, Azais
Passingham, Kent
Murphy, Lisa
Lewbart, Gregory
author_sort Tucker, Emily
collection PubMed
description BACKGROUND: Copper is frequently used as an algicide, and copper ion generators such as the Aquascape IonGen claim to be safe for use in systems containing fish. In 2012, a die-off of koi (Cyprinus carpio) in a pond in Raleigh, North Carolina, occurred after the IonGen was added to the system. METHODS: Physical and postmortem examinations suggested that heavy metal toxicity was the likely cause of morbidity and mortality. This was supported by a heavy metal screening of the owners’ pond. Additional experiments were performed to determine if the IonGen produced toxic levels of copper and zinc. RESULTS: The tank containing the IonGen had higher concentrations of copper and zinc, and copper levels exceeded those associated with toxicity in both hard and soft water. CONCLUSION: The results of this study indicate that ion generators might not be safe for fish, and copper should only be used as an algicide if concentrations are closely monitored.
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spelling pubmed-74226492020-08-19 Copper and zinc generated by the Aquascape IonGen pond clarifier system can be detrimental to koi (Cyprinus carpio) health Tucker, Emily Gerlach, Jamie Curtean, Azais Passingham, Kent Murphy, Lisa Lewbart, Gregory Vet Rec Open Companion or Pet Animals BACKGROUND: Copper is frequently used as an algicide, and copper ion generators such as the Aquascape IonGen claim to be safe for use in systems containing fish. In 2012, a die-off of koi (Cyprinus carpio) in a pond in Raleigh, North Carolina, occurred after the IonGen was added to the system. METHODS: Physical and postmortem examinations suggested that heavy metal toxicity was the likely cause of morbidity and mortality. This was supported by a heavy metal screening of the owners’ pond. Additional experiments were performed to determine if the IonGen produced toxic levels of copper and zinc. RESULTS: The tank containing the IonGen had higher concentrations of copper and zinc, and copper levels exceeded those associated with toxicity in both hard and soft water. CONCLUSION: The results of this study indicate that ion generators might not be safe for fish, and copper should only be used as an algicide if concentrations are closely monitored. BMJ Publishing Group 2020-08-11 /pmc/articles/PMC7422649/ /pubmed/32821396 http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/vetreco-2020-000396 Text en © British Veterinary Association 2020. Re-use permitted under CC BY-NC. No commercial re-use. Published by BMJ. http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0/This is an open access article distributed in accordance with the Creative Commons Attribution Non Commercial (CC BY-NC 4.0) license, which permits others to distribute, remix, adapt, build upon this work non-commercially, and license their derivative works on different terms, provided the original work is properly cited, an indication of whether changes were made, and the use is non-commercial. See: http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0/.
spellingShingle Companion or Pet Animals
Tucker, Emily
Gerlach, Jamie
Curtean, Azais
Passingham, Kent
Murphy, Lisa
Lewbart, Gregory
Copper and zinc generated by the Aquascape IonGen pond clarifier system can be detrimental to koi (Cyprinus carpio) health
title Copper and zinc generated by the Aquascape IonGen pond clarifier system can be detrimental to koi (Cyprinus carpio) health
title_full Copper and zinc generated by the Aquascape IonGen pond clarifier system can be detrimental to koi (Cyprinus carpio) health
title_fullStr Copper and zinc generated by the Aquascape IonGen pond clarifier system can be detrimental to koi (Cyprinus carpio) health
title_full_unstemmed Copper and zinc generated by the Aquascape IonGen pond clarifier system can be detrimental to koi (Cyprinus carpio) health
title_short Copper and zinc generated by the Aquascape IonGen pond clarifier system can be detrimental to koi (Cyprinus carpio) health
title_sort copper and zinc generated by the aquascape iongen pond clarifier system can be detrimental to koi (cyprinus carpio) health
topic Companion or Pet Animals
url https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7422649/
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/32821396
http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/vetreco-2020-000396
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