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Copper and zinc generated by the Aquascape IonGen pond clarifier system can be detrimental to koi (Cyprinus carpio) health
BACKGROUND: Copper is frequently used as an algicide, and copper ion generators such as the Aquascape IonGen claim to be safe for use in systems containing fish. In 2012, a die-off of koi (Cyprinus carpio) in a pond in Raleigh, North Carolina, occurred after the IonGen was added to the system. METHO...
Autores principales: | , , , , , |
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Formato: | Online Artículo Texto |
Lenguaje: | English |
Publicado: |
BMJ Publishing Group
2020
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Materias: | |
Acceso en línea: | https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7422649/ https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/32821396 http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/vetreco-2020-000396 |
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author | Tucker, Emily Gerlach, Jamie Curtean, Azais Passingham, Kent Murphy, Lisa Lewbart, Gregory |
author_facet | Tucker, Emily Gerlach, Jamie Curtean, Azais Passingham, Kent Murphy, Lisa Lewbart, Gregory |
author_sort | Tucker, Emily |
collection | PubMed |
description | BACKGROUND: Copper is frequently used as an algicide, and copper ion generators such as the Aquascape IonGen claim to be safe for use in systems containing fish. In 2012, a die-off of koi (Cyprinus carpio) in a pond in Raleigh, North Carolina, occurred after the IonGen was added to the system. METHODS: Physical and postmortem examinations suggested that heavy metal toxicity was the likely cause of morbidity and mortality. This was supported by a heavy metal screening of the owners’ pond. Additional experiments were performed to determine if the IonGen produced toxic levels of copper and zinc. RESULTS: The tank containing the IonGen had higher concentrations of copper and zinc, and copper levels exceeded those associated with toxicity in both hard and soft water. CONCLUSION: The results of this study indicate that ion generators might not be safe for fish, and copper should only be used as an algicide if concentrations are closely monitored. |
format | Online Article Text |
id | pubmed-7422649 |
institution | National Center for Biotechnology Information |
language | English |
publishDate | 2020 |
publisher | BMJ Publishing Group |
record_format | MEDLINE/PubMed |
spelling | pubmed-74226492020-08-19 Copper and zinc generated by the Aquascape IonGen pond clarifier system can be detrimental to koi (Cyprinus carpio) health Tucker, Emily Gerlach, Jamie Curtean, Azais Passingham, Kent Murphy, Lisa Lewbart, Gregory Vet Rec Open Companion or Pet Animals BACKGROUND: Copper is frequently used as an algicide, and copper ion generators such as the Aquascape IonGen claim to be safe for use in systems containing fish. In 2012, a die-off of koi (Cyprinus carpio) in a pond in Raleigh, North Carolina, occurred after the IonGen was added to the system. METHODS: Physical and postmortem examinations suggested that heavy metal toxicity was the likely cause of morbidity and mortality. This was supported by a heavy metal screening of the owners’ pond. Additional experiments were performed to determine if the IonGen produced toxic levels of copper and zinc. RESULTS: The tank containing the IonGen had higher concentrations of copper and zinc, and copper levels exceeded those associated with toxicity in both hard and soft water. CONCLUSION: The results of this study indicate that ion generators might not be safe for fish, and copper should only be used as an algicide if concentrations are closely monitored. BMJ Publishing Group 2020-08-11 /pmc/articles/PMC7422649/ /pubmed/32821396 http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/vetreco-2020-000396 Text en © British Veterinary Association 2020. Re-use permitted under CC BY-NC. No commercial re-use. Published by BMJ. http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0/This is an open access article distributed in accordance with the Creative Commons Attribution Non Commercial (CC BY-NC 4.0) license, which permits others to distribute, remix, adapt, build upon this work non-commercially, and license their derivative works on different terms, provided the original work is properly cited, an indication of whether changes were made, and the use is non-commercial. See: http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0/. |
spellingShingle | Companion or Pet Animals Tucker, Emily Gerlach, Jamie Curtean, Azais Passingham, Kent Murphy, Lisa Lewbart, Gregory Copper and zinc generated by the Aquascape IonGen pond clarifier system can be detrimental to koi (Cyprinus carpio) health |
title | Copper and zinc generated by the Aquascape IonGen pond clarifier system can be detrimental to koi (Cyprinus carpio) health |
title_full | Copper and zinc generated by the Aquascape IonGen pond clarifier system can be detrimental to koi (Cyprinus carpio) health |
title_fullStr | Copper and zinc generated by the Aquascape IonGen pond clarifier system can be detrimental to koi (Cyprinus carpio) health |
title_full_unstemmed | Copper and zinc generated by the Aquascape IonGen pond clarifier system can be detrimental to koi (Cyprinus carpio) health |
title_short | Copper and zinc generated by the Aquascape IonGen pond clarifier system can be detrimental to koi (Cyprinus carpio) health |
title_sort | copper and zinc generated by the aquascape iongen pond clarifier system can be detrimental to koi (cyprinus carpio) health |
topic | Companion or Pet Animals |
url | https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7422649/ https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/32821396 http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/vetreco-2020-000396 |
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