Polyamine Oxidase Is Involved in Spermidine Reduction of Transglutaminase Type 2-Catalyzed βH-Crystallins Polymerization in Calcium-Induced Experimental Cataract

In an in vitro Ca(2+)-induced cataract model, the progression of opacification is paralleled by a rapid decrease of the endogenous levels of spermidine (SPD) and an increase of transglutaminase type 2 (TG2, EC 2.3.2.13)-catalyzed lens crystallins cross-linking by protein-bound N(1)-N(8)-bis(γ-glutamyl) SPD. This pattern was reversed adding exogenous SPD to the incubation resulting in a delayed loss of transparency of the rabbit lens. The present report shows evidence on the main incorporation of SPD by the catalytic activity of TG2, toward βH-crystallins and in particular to the βB2- and mostly in βB3-crystallins. The increase of endogenous SPD in the cultured rabbit lens showed the activation of a flavin adenine dinucleotide (FAD)-dependent polyamine oxidases (PAO EC 1.5.3.11). As it is known that FAD-PAO degrades the N(8)-terminal reactive portion of N(1)-mono(γ-glutamyl) SPD, the protein-bound N(8)-mono(γ-glutamyl) SPD was found the mainly available derivative for the potential formation of βB3-crystallins cross-links by protein-bound N(1)-N(8)-bis(γ-glutamyl)SPD. In conclusion, FAD-PAO degradation of the N(8)-terminal reactive residue of the crystallins bound N(1)-mono(γ-glutamyl)SPD together with the increased concentration of exogenous SPD, leading to saturation of glutamine residues on the substrate proteins, drastically reduces N(1)-N(8)-bis(γ-glutamyl)SPD crosslinks formation, preventing crystallins polymerization and avoiding rabbit lens opacification. The ability of SPD and MDL 72527 to modulate the activities of TG2 and FAD-PAO involved in the mechanism of lens opacification suggests a potential strategy for the prevention of senile cataract.