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d-Amino Acids in Plants: Sources, Metabolism, and Functions

Although plants are permanently exposed to d-amino acids (d-AAs) in the rhizosphere, these compounds were for a long time regarded as generally detrimental, due to their inhibitory effects on plant growth. Recent studies showed that this statement needs a critical revision. There were several report...

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Autor principal: Kolukisaoglu, Üner
Formato: Online Artículo Texto
Lenguaje:English
Publicado: MDPI 2020
Materias:
Acceso en línea:https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7432710/
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/32751447
http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijms21155421
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author Kolukisaoglu, Üner
author_facet Kolukisaoglu, Üner
author_sort Kolukisaoglu, Üner
collection PubMed
description Although plants are permanently exposed to d-amino acids (d-AAs) in the rhizosphere, these compounds were for a long time regarded as generally detrimental, due to their inhibitory effects on plant growth. Recent studies showed that this statement needs a critical revision. There were several reports of active uptake by and transport of d-AAs in plants, leading to the question whether these processes happened just as side reactions or even on purpose. The identification and characterization of various transporter proteins and enzymes in plants with considerable affinities or specificities for d-AAs also pointed in the direction of their targeted uptake and utilization. This attracted more interest, as d-AAs were shown to be involved in different physiological processes in plants. Especially, the recent characterization of d-AA stimulated ethylene production in Arabidopsis thaliana revealed for the first time a physiological function for a specific d-AA and its metabolizing enzyme in plants. This finding opened the question regarding the physiological or developmental contexts in which d-AA stimulated ethylene synthesis are involved in. This question and the ones about the transport characteristics of d-AAs, their metabolism, and their different physiological effects, are the focus of this review.
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spelling pubmed-74327102020-08-27 d-Amino Acids in Plants: Sources, Metabolism, and Functions Kolukisaoglu, Üner Int J Mol Sci Review Although plants are permanently exposed to d-amino acids (d-AAs) in the rhizosphere, these compounds were for a long time regarded as generally detrimental, due to their inhibitory effects on plant growth. Recent studies showed that this statement needs a critical revision. There were several reports of active uptake by and transport of d-AAs in plants, leading to the question whether these processes happened just as side reactions or even on purpose. The identification and characterization of various transporter proteins and enzymes in plants with considerable affinities or specificities for d-AAs also pointed in the direction of their targeted uptake and utilization. This attracted more interest, as d-AAs were shown to be involved in different physiological processes in plants. Especially, the recent characterization of d-AA stimulated ethylene production in Arabidopsis thaliana revealed for the first time a physiological function for a specific d-AA and its metabolizing enzyme in plants. This finding opened the question regarding the physiological or developmental contexts in which d-AA stimulated ethylene synthesis are involved in. This question and the ones about the transport characteristics of d-AAs, their metabolism, and their different physiological effects, are the focus of this review. MDPI 2020-07-30 /pmc/articles/PMC7432710/ /pubmed/32751447 http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijms21155421 Text en © 2020 by the author. Licensee MDPI, Basel, Switzerland. This article is an open access article distributed under the terms and conditions of the Creative Commons Attribution (CC BY) license (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/).
spellingShingle Review
Kolukisaoglu, Üner
d-Amino Acids in Plants: Sources, Metabolism, and Functions
title d-Amino Acids in Plants: Sources, Metabolism, and Functions
title_full d-Amino Acids in Plants: Sources, Metabolism, and Functions
title_fullStr d-Amino Acids in Plants: Sources, Metabolism, and Functions
title_full_unstemmed d-Amino Acids in Plants: Sources, Metabolism, and Functions
title_short d-Amino Acids in Plants: Sources, Metabolism, and Functions
title_sort d-amino acids in plants: sources, metabolism, and functions
topic Review
url https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7432710/
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/32751447
http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijms21155421
work_keys_str_mv AT kolukisaogluuner daminoacidsinplantssourcesmetabolismandfunctions