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Evaluation of a city-wide school-located influenza vaccination program in Oakland, California, with respect to vaccination coverage, school absences, and laboratory-confirmed influenza: A matched cohort study
BACKGROUND: It is estimated that vaccinating 50%–70% of school-aged children for influenza can produce population-wide indirect effects. We evaluated a city-wide school-located influenza vaccination (SLIV) intervention that aimed to increase influenza vaccination coverage. The intervention was imple...
Autores principales: | , , , , , , , , , , , , , |
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Formato: | Online Artículo Texto |
Lenguaje: | English |
Publicado: |
Public Library of Science
2020
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Materias: | |
Acceso en línea: | https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7433855/ https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/32810149 http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pmed.1003238 |
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author | Benjamin-Chung, Jade Arnold, Benjamin F. Kennedy, Chris J. Mishra, Kunal Pokpongkiat, Nolan Nguyen, Anna Jilek, Wendy Holbrook, Kate Pan, Erica Kirley, Pam D. Libby, Tanya Hubbard, Alan E. Reingold, Arthur Colford, John M. |
author_facet | Benjamin-Chung, Jade Arnold, Benjamin F. Kennedy, Chris J. Mishra, Kunal Pokpongkiat, Nolan Nguyen, Anna Jilek, Wendy Holbrook, Kate Pan, Erica Kirley, Pam D. Libby, Tanya Hubbard, Alan E. Reingold, Arthur Colford, John M. |
author_sort | Benjamin-Chung, Jade |
collection | PubMed |
description | BACKGROUND: It is estimated that vaccinating 50%–70% of school-aged children for influenza can produce population-wide indirect effects. We evaluated a city-wide school-located influenza vaccination (SLIV) intervention that aimed to increase influenza vaccination coverage. The intervention was implemented in ≥95 preschools and elementary schools in northern California from 2014 to 2018. Using a matched cohort design, we estimated intervention impacts on student influenza vaccination coverage, school absenteeism, and community-wide indirect effects on laboratory-confirmed influenza hospitalizations. METHODS AND FINDINGS: We used a multivariate matching algorithm to identify a nearby comparison school district with pre-intervention characteristics similar to those of the intervention school district and matched schools in each district. To measure student influenza vaccination, we conducted cross-sectional surveys of student caregivers in 22 school pairs (2017 survey, N = 6,070; 2018 survey, N = 6,507). We estimated the incidence of laboratory-confirmed influenza hospitalization from 2011 to 2018 using surveillance data from school district zip codes. We analyzed student absenteeism data from 2011 to 2018 from each district (N = 42,487,816 student-days). To account for pre-intervention differences between districts, we estimated difference-in-differences (DID) in influenza hospitalization incidence and absenteeism rates using generalized linear and log-linear models with a population offset for incidence outcomes. Prior to the SLIV intervention, the median household income was $51,849 in the intervention site and $61,596 in the comparison site. The population in each site was predominately white (41% in the intervention site, 48% in the comparison site) and/or of Hispanic or Latino ethnicity (26% in the intervention site, 33% in the comparison site). The number of students vaccinated by the SLIV intervention ranged from 7,502 to 10,106 (22%–28% of eligible students) each year. During the intervention, influenza vaccination coverage among elementary students was 53%–66% in the comparison district. Coverage was similar between the intervention and comparison districts in influenza seasons 2014–2015 and 2015–2016 and was significantly higher in the intervention site in seasons 2016–2017 (7%; 95% CI 4, 11; p < 0.001) and 2017–2018 (11%; 95% CI 7, 15; p < 0.001). During seasons when vaccination coverage was higher among intervention schools and the vaccine was moderately effective, there was evidence of statistically significant indirect effects: The DID in the incidence of influenza hospitalization per 100,000 in the intervention versus comparison site was −17 (95% CI −30, −4; p = 0.008) in 2016–2017 and −37 (95% CI −54, −19; p < 0.001) in 2017–2018 among non-elementary-school-aged individuals and −73 (95% CI −147, 1; p = 0.054) in 2016–2017 and −160 (95% CI −267, −53; p = 0.004) in 2017–2018 among adults 65 years or older. The DID in illness-related school absences per 100 school days during the influenza season was −0.63 (95% CI −1.14, −0.13; p = 0.014) in 2016–2017 and −0.80 (95% CI −1.28, −0.31; p = 0.001) in 2017–2018. Limitations of this study include the use of an observational design, which may be subject to unmeasured confounding, and caregiver-reported vaccination status, which is subject to poor recall and low response rates. CONCLUSIONS: A city-wide SLIV intervention in a large, diverse urban population was associated with a decrease in the incidence of laboratory-confirmed influenza hospitalization in all age groups and a decrease in illness-specific school absence rate among students in 2016–2017 and 2017–2018, seasons when the vaccine was moderately effective, suggesting that the intervention produced indirect effects. Our findings suggest that in populations with moderately high background levels of influenza vaccination coverage, SLIV programs are associated with further increases in coverage and reduced influenza across the community. |
format | Online Article Text |
id | pubmed-7433855 |
institution | National Center for Biotechnology Information |
language | English |
publishDate | 2020 |
publisher | Public Library of Science |
record_format | MEDLINE/PubMed |
spelling | pubmed-74338552020-08-20 Evaluation of a city-wide school-located influenza vaccination program in Oakland, California, with respect to vaccination coverage, school absences, and laboratory-confirmed influenza: A matched cohort study Benjamin-Chung, Jade Arnold, Benjamin F. Kennedy, Chris J. Mishra, Kunal Pokpongkiat, Nolan Nguyen, Anna Jilek, Wendy Holbrook, Kate Pan, Erica Kirley, Pam D. Libby, Tanya Hubbard, Alan E. Reingold, Arthur Colford, John M. PLoS Med Research Article BACKGROUND: It is estimated that vaccinating 50%–70% of school-aged children for influenza can produce population-wide indirect effects. We evaluated a city-wide school-located influenza vaccination (SLIV) intervention that aimed to increase influenza vaccination coverage. The intervention was implemented in ≥95 preschools and elementary schools in northern California from 2014 to 2018. Using a matched cohort design, we estimated intervention impacts on student influenza vaccination coverage, school absenteeism, and community-wide indirect effects on laboratory-confirmed influenza hospitalizations. METHODS AND FINDINGS: We used a multivariate matching algorithm to identify a nearby comparison school district with pre-intervention characteristics similar to those of the intervention school district and matched schools in each district. To measure student influenza vaccination, we conducted cross-sectional surveys of student caregivers in 22 school pairs (2017 survey, N = 6,070; 2018 survey, N = 6,507). We estimated the incidence of laboratory-confirmed influenza hospitalization from 2011 to 2018 using surveillance data from school district zip codes. We analyzed student absenteeism data from 2011 to 2018 from each district (N = 42,487,816 student-days). To account for pre-intervention differences between districts, we estimated difference-in-differences (DID) in influenza hospitalization incidence and absenteeism rates using generalized linear and log-linear models with a population offset for incidence outcomes. Prior to the SLIV intervention, the median household income was $51,849 in the intervention site and $61,596 in the comparison site. The population in each site was predominately white (41% in the intervention site, 48% in the comparison site) and/or of Hispanic or Latino ethnicity (26% in the intervention site, 33% in the comparison site). The number of students vaccinated by the SLIV intervention ranged from 7,502 to 10,106 (22%–28% of eligible students) each year. During the intervention, influenza vaccination coverage among elementary students was 53%–66% in the comparison district. Coverage was similar between the intervention and comparison districts in influenza seasons 2014–2015 and 2015–2016 and was significantly higher in the intervention site in seasons 2016–2017 (7%; 95% CI 4, 11; p < 0.001) and 2017–2018 (11%; 95% CI 7, 15; p < 0.001). During seasons when vaccination coverage was higher among intervention schools and the vaccine was moderately effective, there was evidence of statistically significant indirect effects: The DID in the incidence of influenza hospitalization per 100,000 in the intervention versus comparison site was −17 (95% CI −30, −4; p = 0.008) in 2016–2017 and −37 (95% CI −54, −19; p < 0.001) in 2017–2018 among non-elementary-school-aged individuals and −73 (95% CI −147, 1; p = 0.054) in 2016–2017 and −160 (95% CI −267, −53; p = 0.004) in 2017–2018 among adults 65 years or older. The DID in illness-related school absences per 100 school days during the influenza season was −0.63 (95% CI −1.14, −0.13; p = 0.014) in 2016–2017 and −0.80 (95% CI −1.28, −0.31; p = 0.001) in 2017–2018. Limitations of this study include the use of an observational design, which may be subject to unmeasured confounding, and caregiver-reported vaccination status, which is subject to poor recall and low response rates. CONCLUSIONS: A city-wide SLIV intervention in a large, diverse urban population was associated with a decrease in the incidence of laboratory-confirmed influenza hospitalization in all age groups and a decrease in illness-specific school absence rate among students in 2016–2017 and 2017–2018, seasons when the vaccine was moderately effective, suggesting that the intervention produced indirect effects. Our findings suggest that in populations with moderately high background levels of influenza vaccination coverage, SLIV programs are associated with further increases in coverage and reduced influenza across the community. Public Library of Science 2020-08-18 /pmc/articles/PMC7433855/ /pubmed/32810149 http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pmed.1003238 Text en https://creativecommons.org/publicdomain/zero/1.0/ This is an open access article, free of all copyright, and may be freely reproduced, distributed, transmitted, modified, built upon, or otherwise used by anyone for any lawful purpose. The work is made available under the Creative Commons CC0 (https://creativecommons.org/publicdomain/zero/1.0/) public domain dedication. |
spellingShingle | Research Article Benjamin-Chung, Jade Arnold, Benjamin F. Kennedy, Chris J. Mishra, Kunal Pokpongkiat, Nolan Nguyen, Anna Jilek, Wendy Holbrook, Kate Pan, Erica Kirley, Pam D. Libby, Tanya Hubbard, Alan E. Reingold, Arthur Colford, John M. Evaluation of a city-wide school-located influenza vaccination program in Oakland, California, with respect to vaccination coverage, school absences, and laboratory-confirmed influenza: A matched cohort study |
title | Evaluation of a city-wide school-located influenza vaccination program in Oakland, California, with respect to vaccination coverage, school absences, and laboratory-confirmed influenza: A matched cohort study |
title_full | Evaluation of a city-wide school-located influenza vaccination program in Oakland, California, with respect to vaccination coverage, school absences, and laboratory-confirmed influenza: A matched cohort study |
title_fullStr | Evaluation of a city-wide school-located influenza vaccination program in Oakland, California, with respect to vaccination coverage, school absences, and laboratory-confirmed influenza: A matched cohort study |
title_full_unstemmed | Evaluation of a city-wide school-located influenza vaccination program in Oakland, California, with respect to vaccination coverage, school absences, and laboratory-confirmed influenza: A matched cohort study |
title_short | Evaluation of a city-wide school-located influenza vaccination program in Oakland, California, with respect to vaccination coverage, school absences, and laboratory-confirmed influenza: A matched cohort study |
title_sort | evaluation of a city-wide school-located influenza vaccination program in oakland, california, with respect to vaccination coverage, school absences, and laboratory-confirmed influenza: a matched cohort study |
topic | Research Article |
url | https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7433855/ https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/32810149 http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pmed.1003238 |
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