The regulatory role of exosomes in leukemia and their clinical significance

Recurrence is a primary cause of death in patients with leukemia. The interactions of tumor cells with the microenvironment and tumor stem cells hidden in bone marrow promote the recurrence and metastasis of leukemia to lymphoid tissue. Exosomes, membrane-coated nanovesicles secreted by living cells, perform biomaterial transfer and information exchange between cells. Exosomes contain various other biological components derived from parental cells, and they remotely regulate the function of target cells through body fluid flow. Recent studies revealed that exosomes participate in the development of leukemia and play important roles in its diagnosis and treatment by influencing cell proliferation and apoptosis, regulating bone marrow microenvironment, promoting angiogenesis, and inhibiting hematopoiesis. Exosomes are potential biomarkers and therapeutic targets for leukemia, and they can influence drug resistance. Leukemia-derived exosomes present leukemia-related antigens to target cells, promote the proliferation of leukemic cells, help these cells escape immunity, protect them from the cytotoxic effects of chemotherapeutics, and promote angiogenesis and tumor migration. Therefore, exosomes are closely related to the metastasis, treatment, and prognosis of leukemia, and they can be used to detect and monitor the progression of leukemia. This paper reviews the regulatory roles of exosomes in leukemia and their clinical significance.