Temporal Trends of Intracranial Hemorrhage Among Immune Thrombocytopenia Hospitalizations in the United States

Background: Intracranial hemorrhage (ICH) is a rare but severe complication in patients with immune thrombocytopenia (ITP). We aimed to examine the incidence and outcomes of ICH among ITP hospitalizations and factors associated with it. Additionally, we studied resource utilization for these hospitalizations. Methods: Using National (Nationwide) Inpatient Sample, International Classification of Diseases, Ninth and Tenth Revision, Clinical Modification (ICD-9-CM/ICD-10-CM) codes, we studied ITP hospitalizations with occurrence of ICH between 2007 and 2016. Result: Out of 348,906 weighted ITP hospitalizations, ICH occurred in 3,408 encounters (incidence 1.1 ± 0.04%). The incidence remained stable over time (2007-2008: 1.01%, 2015-2016: 1.20%; P = 0.3). People with age ≥25 years, especially those aged ≥65 years (odds ratio [OR] 3.69, 95% confidence interval [CI] 2.34-5.84), or those with gastrointestinal bleed (OR 1.60, 95% CI 1.18-2.16) were significantly more likely to develop ICH. Female gender (OR 0.81, 95% CI 0.68-0.97) had lower odds for developing ICH. Overall mortality in ITP hospitalizations with ICH was 26.7%. Length of stay (LOS) was longer (4.8 vs. 2.6 days) and costs of hospitalization (COH) were higher ($20,081 vs. $8,355) in ICH hospitalizations compared to non-ICH ITP hospitalizations. Increasing age and comorbidities such as gastrointestinal bleed, hematuria, and other bleeding were also associated with longer LOS and higher COH. Conclusion: Although rare, ICH in ITP was associated with a high mortality and increased resource utilization. Clinicians should be cognizant of factors associated with risk of ICH in ITP, and future studies should reassess the ICH trends to study the impact of novel therapeutic options such as thrombopoietin receptor agonists.