Physiological response of metal tolerance and detoxification in castor (Ricinus communis L.) under fly ash-amended soil

Castor (Ricinus communis L.) is a metal tolerant plants and its ability to survive in highly polluted sites as well as its capacity for metal accumulation. There are very few reports on their physiological mechanism of metal tolerance and detoxification under fly ash. Therefore, an in-situ experiment was designed to study its biomass accumulation, photosynthetic response and antioxidative metabolism under different levels of fly ash amendments. Significant (P < 0.05) increase in plant biomass and metal tolerance index was observed in R. communis under 50 % fly ash in soil amendments in comparison to the control plants. In addition, photosynthetic activity was not significantly altered under fly ash amended soil in comparison to the garden soil, but these responses/activities were remarkable lowered under bare fly ash. The induction of antioxidant enzymes was also observed in different tissue over control under fly ash treatments. The bioconcentration factor (BCF) of Al, Fe, Zn, Mn, Cu and Cr in R. communis were recorded greater than one under fly ash (50%) with soil amendments. Therefore, it concluded that it can be used for phytoremediation of fly ash and fly ash (50%) with soil amendments enhanced phytoremediation ability.