Cargando…

Augmented Reality System for Digital Rectal Examination Training and Assessment: System Validation

BACKGROUND: Digital rectal examination is a difficult examination to learn and teach because of limited opportunities for practice; however, the main challenge is that students and tutors cannot see the finger when it is palpating the anal canal and prostate gland inside the patients. OBJECTIVE: Thi...

Descripción completa

Detalles Bibliográficos
Autores principales: Muangpoon, Theerapat, Haghighi Osgouei, Reza, Escobar-Castillejos, David, Kontovounisios, Christos, Bello, Fernando
Formato: Online Artículo Texto
Lenguaje:English
Publicado: JMIR Publications 2020
Materias:
Acceso en línea:https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7453322/
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/32788146
http://dx.doi.org/10.2196/18637
_version_ 1783575337260548096
author Muangpoon, Theerapat
Haghighi Osgouei, Reza
Escobar-Castillejos, David
Kontovounisios, Christos
Bello, Fernando
author_facet Muangpoon, Theerapat
Haghighi Osgouei, Reza
Escobar-Castillejos, David
Kontovounisios, Christos
Bello, Fernando
author_sort Muangpoon, Theerapat
collection PubMed
description BACKGROUND: Digital rectal examination is a difficult examination to learn and teach because of limited opportunities for practice; however, the main challenge is that students and tutors cannot see the finger when it is palpating the anal canal and prostate gland inside the patients. OBJECTIVE: This paper presents an augmented reality system to be used with benchtop models commonly available in medical schools with the aim of addressing the problem of lack of visualization. The system enables visualization of the examining finger, as well as of the internal organs when performing digital rectal examinations. Magnetic tracking sensors are used to track the movement of the finger, and a pressure sensor is used to monitor the applied pressure. By overlaying a virtual finger on the real finger and a virtual model on the benchtop model, students can see through the examination and finger maneuvers. METHODS: The system was implemented in the Unity game engine (Unity Technologies) and uses a first-generation HoloLens (Microsoft Inc) as an augmented reality device. To evaluate the system, 19 participants (9 clinicians who routinely performed digital rectal examinations and 10 medical students) were asked to use the system and answer 12 questions regarding the usefulness of the system. RESULTS: The system showed the movement of an examining finger in real time with a frame rate of 60 fps on the HoloLens and accurately aligned the virtual and real models with a mean error of 3.9 mm. Users found the movement of the finger was realistic (mean 3.9, SD 1.2); moreover, they found the visualization of the finger and internal organs were useful for teaching, learning, and assessment of digital rectal examinations (finger: mean 4.1, SD 1.1; organs: mean 4.6, SD 0.8), mainly targeting a novice group. CONCLUSIONS: The proposed augmented reality system was designed to improve teaching and learning of digital rectal examination skills by providing visualization of the finger and internal organs. The initial user study proved its applicability and usefulness.
format Online
Article
Text
id pubmed-7453322
institution National Center for Biotechnology Information
language English
publishDate 2020
publisher JMIR Publications
record_format MEDLINE/PubMed
spelling pubmed-74533222020-08-31 Augmented Reality System for Digital Rectal Examination Training and Assessment: System Validation Muangpoon, Theerapat Haghighi Osgouei, Reza Escobar-Castillejos, David Kontovounisios, Christos Bello, Fernando J Med Internet Res Original Paper BACKGROUND: Digital rectal examination is a difficult examination to learn and teach because of limited opportunities for practice; however, the main challenge is that students and tutors cannot see the finger when it is palpating the anal canal and prostate gland inside the patients. OBJECTIVE: This paper presents an augmented reality system to be used with benchtop models commonly available in medical schools with the aim of addressing the problem of lack of visualization. The system enables visualization of the examining finger, as well as of the internal organs when performing digital rectal examinations. Magnetic tracking sensors are used to track the movement of the finger, and a pressure sensor is used to monitor the applied pressure. By overlaying a virtual finger on the real finger and a virtual model on the benchtop model, students can see through the examination and finger maneuvers. METHODS: The system was implemented in the Unity game engine (Unity Technologies) and uses a first-generation HoloLens (Microsoft Inc) as an augmented reality device. To evaluate the system, 19 participants (9 clinicians who routinely performed digital rectal examinations and 10 medical students) were asked to use the system and answer 12 questions regarding the usefulness of the system. RESULTS: The system showed the movement of an examining finger in real time with a frame rate of 60 fps on the HoloLens and accurately aligned the virtual and real models with a mean error of 3.9 mm. Users found the movement of the finger was realistic (mean 3.9, SD 1.2); moreover, they found the visualization of the finger and internal organs were useful for teaching, learning, and assessment of digital rectal examinations (finger: mean 4.1, SD 1.1; organs: mean 4.6, SD 0.8), mainly targeting a novice group. CONCLUSIONS: The proposed augmented reality system was designed to improve teaching and learning of digital rectal examination skills by providing visualization of the finger and internal organs. The initial user study proved its applicability and usefulness. JMIR Publications 2020-08-13 /pmc/articles/PMC7453322/ /pubmed/32788146 http://dx.doi.org/10.2196/18637 Text en ©Theerapat Muangpoon, Reza Haghighi Osgouei, David Escobar-Castillejos, Christos Kontovounisios, Fernando Bello. Originally published in the Journal of Medical Internet Research (http://www.jmir.org), 13.08.2020. https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/ This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/), which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work, first published in the Journal of Medical Internet Research, is properly cited. The complete bibliographic information, a link to the original publication on http://www.jmir.org/, as well as this copyright and license information must be included.
spellingShingle Original Paper
Muangpoon, Theerapat
Haghighi Osgouei, Reza
Escobar-Castillejos, David
Kontovounisios, Christos
Bello, Fernando
Augmented Reality System for Digital Rectal Examination Training and Assessment: System Validation
title Augmented Reality System for Digital Rectal Examination Training and Assessment: System Validation
title_full Augmented Reality System for Digital Rectal Examination Training and Assessment: System Validation
title_fullStr Augmented Reality System for Digital Rectal Examination Training and Assessment: System Validation
title_full_unstemmed Augmented Reality System for Digital Rectal Examination Training and Assessment: System Validation
title_short Augmented Reality System for Digital Rectal Examination Training and Assessment: System Validation
title_sort augmented reality system for digital rectal examination training and assessment: system validation
topic Original Paper
url https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7453322/
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/32788146
http://dx.doi.org/10.2196/18637
work_keys_str_mv AT muangpoontheerapat augmentedrealitysystemfordigitalrectalexaminationtrainingandassessmentsystemvalidation
AT haghighiosgoueireza augmentedrealitysystemfordigitalrectalexaminationtrainingandassessmentsystemvalidation
AT escobarcastillejosdavid augmentedrealitysystemfordigitalrectalexaminationtrainingandassessmentsystemvalidation
AT kontovounisioschristos augmentedrealitysystemfordigitalrectalexaminationtrainingandassessmentsystemvalidation
AT bellofernando augmentedrealitysystemfordigitalrectalexaminationtrainingandassessmentsystemvalidation