Clinical Characteristics of Stroke with COVID-19: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis

BACKGROUND: The coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) potentially increases the risk of thromboembolism and stroke. Numerous case reports and retrospective cohort studies have been published with mixed characteristics of COVID-19 patients with stroke regarding age, comorbidities, treatment, and outcome. We aimed to depict the frequency and clinical characteristics of COVID-19 patients with stroke. METHODS: PubMed and EMBASE were searched on June 10, 2020, to investigate COVID-19 and stroke through retrospective cross-sectional studies, case series/reports according to PRISMA guidelines. Study-specific estimates were combined using one-group meta-analysis in a random-effects model. RESULTS: 10 retrospective cohort studies and 16 case series/reports were identified including 183 patients with COVID-19 and stroke. The frequency of detected stroke in hospitalized COVID-19 patients was 1.1% ([95% confidential interval (CI)]: [0.6-1.6], I(2) = 62.9%). Mean age was 66.6 ([58.4-74.9], I(2) = 95.1%), 65.6% was male (61/93 patients). Mean days from symptom onset of COVID-19 to stroke was 8.0 ([4.1-11.9], p< 0.001, I(2) = 93.1%). D-dimer was 3.3 μg/mL ([1.7-4.9], I(2) = 86.3%), and cryptogenic stroke was most common as etiology at 50.7% ([31.0-70.4] I(2) = 64.1%, 39/71patients). Case fatality rate was 44.2% ([27.9-60.5], I(2) = 66.7%, 40/100 patients). CONCLUSIONS: This systematic review assessed the frequency and clinical characteristics of stroke in COVID-19 patients. The frequency of detected stroke in hospitalized COVID-19 patients was 1.1% and associated with older age and stroke risk factors. Frequent cryptogenic stroke and elevated d-dimer level support increased risk of thromboembolism in COVID-19 associated with high mortality. Further study is needed to elucidate the pathophysiology and prognosis of stroke in COVID-19 to achieve most effective care for this population.